mirror of
https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo.git
synced 2025-02-03 07:01:55 +08:00
Merge branch 'krahets:master' into master
This commit is contained in:
commit
b3e3aa1e72
4
.github/pull_request_template.md
vendored
4
.github/pull_request_template.md
vendored
@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
|
||||
> Tip: If this PR is not related to the coding or code translation, please ignore the checklist.
|
||||
|
||||
### Checklist
|
||||
If this PR is related to coding or code translation, please fill out the checklist.
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] I've tested the code and ensured the outputs are the same as the outputs of reference codes.
|
||||
- [ ] I've checked the codes (formatting, comments, indentation, file header, etc) carefully.
|
||||
|
3
.gitignore
vendored
3
.gitignore
vendored
@ -13,3 +13,6 @@ docs/overrides/
|
||||
|
||||
# python files
|
||||
__pycache__
|
||||
|
||||
# iml
|
||||
hello-algo.iml
|
||||
|
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
|
||||
- 开源免费,所有同学都可在网上获取本书;
|
||||
- 新手友好,适合算法初学者自主学习入门;
|
||||
- 动画讲解,尽可能地保证平滑的学习曲线;
|
||||
- 代码导向,提供精简、可运行的算法代码;
|
||||
- 代码导向,提供可一键运行的算法源代码;
|
||||
- 讨论学习,提问一般能在三日内得到回复;
|
||||
|
||||
如果感觉本书对你有所帮助,请点个 Star :star: 支持一下,谢谢!
|
||||
|
72
codes/c/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.c
Normal file
72
codes/c/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.c
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: bubble_sort.c
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-26
|
||||
* Author: Listening (https://github.com/L-Super)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include "../include/include.h"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 冒泡排序 */
|
||||
void bubble_sort(int nums[], int size)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < size - 1 - i; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
|
||||
{
|
||||
int temp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = temp;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
|
||||
void bubble_sort_with_flag(int nums[], int size)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
bool flag = false;
|
||||
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < size - 1 - i; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
|
||||
{
|
||||
int temp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = temp;
|
||||
flag = true;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (!flag)
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
int main()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int nums[6] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2};
|
||||
printf("冒泡排序后:\n");
|
||||
bubble_sort(nums, 6);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
printf("%d ", nums[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
printf("优化版冒泡排序后:\n");
|
||||
bubble_sort_with_flag(nums, 6);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
printf("%d ", nums[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
printf("\n");
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
2
codes/c/include/include.h
Normal file
2
codes/c/include/include.h
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdbool.h>
|
@ -14,9 +14,8 @@ void bubbleSort(vector<int>& nums) {
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
|
||||
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
|
||||
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
||||
int tmp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
||||
// 这里使用了 std::swap() 函数
|
||||
swap(nums[j], nums[j + 1]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -31,9 +30,8 @@ void bubbleSortWithFlag(vector<int>& nums) {
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
|
||||
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
|
||||
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
||||
int tmp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
||||
// 这里使用了 std::swap() 函数
|
||||
swap(nums[j], nums[j + 1]);
|
||||
flag = true; // 记录交换元素
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ void merge(vector<int>& nums, int left, int mid, int right) {
|
||||
int i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
|
||||
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
|
||||
for (int k = left; k <= right; k++) {
|
||||
// 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
if (i > leftEnd)
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
// 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” 或 “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j])
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[i++];
|
||||
// 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 否则,若“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
else
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -64,13 +64,6 @@ public:
|
||||
return nums[front];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问指定索引元素 */
|
||||
int get(int index) {
|
||||
if (index >= size())
|
||||
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
||||
return nums[(front + index) % capacity()];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将数组转化为 Vector 并返回 */
|
||||
vector<int> toVector() {
|
||||
int siz = size();
|
||||
@ -103,11 +96,7 @@ int main() {
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
int peek = queue->peek();
|
||||
cout << "队首元素 peek = " << peek << endl;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问指定索引元素 */
|
||||
int num = queue->get(2);
|
||||
cout << "队列第 3 个元素为 num = " << num << endl;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
int poll = queue->poll();
|
||||
cout << "出队元素 poll = " << poll << ",出队后 queue = ";
|
||||
|
@ -41,13 +41,6 @@ public:
|
||||
return stack.back();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
|
||||
int get(int index) {
|
||||
if(index >= size())
|
||||
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
||||
return stack[index];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 返回 Vector */
|
||||
vector<int> toVector() {
|
||||
return stack;
|
||||
@ -73,10 +66,6 @@ int main() {
|
||||
int top = stack->top();
|
||||
cout << "栈顶元素 top = " << top << endl;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
|
||||
int num = stack->get(3);
|
||||
cout << "栈索引 3 处的元素为 num = " << num << endl;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出栈 */
|
||||
int pop = stack->pop();
|
||||
cout << "出栈元素 pop = " << pop << ",出栈后 stack = ";
|
||||
|
@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ vector<int> hierOrder(TreeNode* root) {
|
||||
vector<int> vec;
|
||||
while (!queue.empty()) {
|
||||
TreeNode* node = queue.front();
|
||||
queue.pop(); // 队列出队
|
||||
vec.push_back(node->val); // 保存结点
|
||||
queue.pop(); // 队列出队
|
||||
vec.push_back(node->val); // 保存结点
|
||||
if (node->left != nullptr)
|
||||
queue.push(node->left); // 左子结点入队
|
||||
queue.push(node->left); // 左子结点入队
|
||||
if (node->right != nullptr)
|
||||
queue.push(node->right); // 右子结点入队
|
||||
queue.push(node->right); // 右子结点入队
|
||||
}
|
||||
return vec;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
// File: Array.cs
|
||||
// File: array.cs
|
||||
// Created Time: 2022-12-14
|
||||
// Author: mingXta (1195669834@qq.com)
|
||||
|
||||
@ -134,4 +134,4 @@ namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("在 nums 中查找元素 3 ,得到索引 = " + index);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
// File: LinkedList.cs
|
||||
// File: linked_list.cs
|
||||
// Created Time: 2022-12-16
|
||||
// Author: mingXta (1195669834@qq.com)
|
||||
|
||||
@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class LinkedList
|
||||
public class linked_list
|
||||
{
|
||||
/// <summary>
|
||||
/// 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P
|
||||
/// </summary>
|
||||
public static void Insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P)
|
||||
{
|
||||
ListNode n1 = n0.next;
|
||||
ListNode? n1 = n0.next;
|
||||
n0.next = P;
|
||||
P.next = n1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
|
||||
return;
|
||||
// n0 -> P -> n1
|
||||
ListNode P = n0.next;
|
||||
ListNode n1 = P.next;
|
||||
ListNode? n1 = P.next;
|
||||
n0.next = n1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/// <summary>
|
||||
/// 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点
|
||||
/// </summary>
|
||||
public static ListNode Access(ListNode head, int index)
|
||||
public static ListNode? Access(ListNode head, int index)
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
|
||||
Console.WriteLine($"删除结点后的链表为{n0}");
|
||||
|
||||
// 访问结点
|
||||
ListNode node = Access(n0, 3);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine($"链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 = {node.val}");
|
||||
ListNode? node = Access(n0, 3);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine($"链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 = {node?.val}");
|
||||
|
||||
// 查找结点
|
||||
int index = Find(n0, 2);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine($"链表中值为 2 的结点的索引 = {index}");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
75
codes/csharp/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.cs
Normal file
75
codes/csharp/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: list.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class list
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
/* 初始化列表 */
|
||||
// 注意数组的元素类型是 int[] 的包装类 int[]
|
||||
int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
|
||||
List<int> list = numbers.ToList();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("列表 list = " + string.Join(",",list));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问元素 */
|
||||
int num = list[1];
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("访问索引 1 处的元素,得到 num = " + num);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 更新元素 */
|
||||
list[1] = 0;
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 清空列表 */
|
||||
list.Clear();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("清空列表后 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
||||
list.Add(1);
|
||||
list.Add(3);
|
||||
list.Add(2);
|
||||
list.Add(5);
|
||||
list.Add(4);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("添加元素后 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
||||
list.Insert(3, 6);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除元素 */
|
||||
list.RemoveAt(3);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("删除索引 3 处的元素,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < list.Count(); i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
||||
count = 0;
|
||||
foreach (int n in list)
|
||||
{
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
||||
List<int> list1 = new() { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 };
|
||||
list.AddRange(list1);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 排序列表 */
|
||||
list.Sort(); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("排序列表后 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
164
codes/csharp/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.cs
Normal file
164
codes/csharp/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: my_list.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
|
||||
{
|
||||
class MyList
|
||||
{
|
||||
private int[] nums; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
||||
private int capacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
||||
private int size = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
||||
private int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
||||
|
||||
/* 构造函数 */
|
||||
public MyList()
|
||||
{
|
||||
nums = new int[capacity];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
||||
public int Size()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return size;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
||||
public int Capacity()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return capacity;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问元素 */
|
||||
public int Get(int index)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
||||
if (index >= size)
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
||||
return nums[index];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 更新元素 */
|
||||
public void Set(int index, int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (index >= size)
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
||||
nums[index] = num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
||||
public void Add(int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
||||
if (size == Capacity())
|
||||
ExtendCapacity();
|
||||
nums[size] = num;
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
size++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
||||
public void Insert(int index, int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (index >= size)
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
||||
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
||||
if (size == Capacity())
|
||||
ExtendCapacity();
|
||||
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
||||
for (int j = size - 1; j >= index; j--)
|
||||
{
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = nums[j];
|
||||
}
|
||||
nums[index] = num;
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
size++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除元素 */
|
||||
public int Remove(int index)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (index >= size)
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
||||
int num = nums[index];
|
||||
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
||||
for (int j = index; j < size - 1; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
size--;
|
||||
// 返回被删除元素
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 列表扩容 */
|
||||
public void ExtendCapacity()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 新建一个长度为 size 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
||||
System.Array.Resize(ref nums, Capacity() * extendRatio);
|
||||
// 更新列表容量
|
||||
capacity = nums.Length;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
|
||||
public int[] ToArray()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int size = Size();
|
||||
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[size];
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
nums[i] = Get(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return nums;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class my_list
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化列表 */
|
||||
MyList list = new MyList();
|
||||
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
||||
list.Add(1);
|
||||
list.Add(3);
|
||||
list.Add(2);
|
||||
list.Add(5);
|
||||
list.Add(4);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("列表 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()) +
|
||||
" ,容量 = " + list.Capacity() + " ,长度 = " + list.Size());
|
||||
|
||||
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
||||
list.Insert(3, 6);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除元素 */
|
||||
list.Remove(3);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("删除索引 3 处的元素,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问元素 */
|
||||
int num = list.Get(1);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("访问索引 1 处的元素,得到 num = " + num);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 更新元素 */
|
||||
list.Set(1, 0);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 测试扩容机制 */
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 在 i = 5 时,列表长度将超出列表容量,此时触发扩容机制
|
||||
list.Add(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("扩容后的列表 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()) +
|
||||
" ,容量 = " + list.Capacity() + " ,长度 = " + list.Size());
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: leetcode_two_sum.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_computational_complexity
|
||||
{
|
||||
class SolutionBruteForce
|
||||
{
|
||||
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int size = nums.Length;
|
||||
// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
|
||||
return new int[] { i, j };
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return new int[0];
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class SolutionHashMap
|
||||
{
|
||||
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int size = nums.Length;
|
||||
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
||||
Dictionary<int, int> dic = new();
|
||||
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (dic.ContainsKey(target - nums[i]))
|
||||
{
|
||||
return new int[] { dic[target - nums[i]], i };
|
||||
}
|
||||
dic.Add(nums[i], i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return new int[0];
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class leetcode_two_sum
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// ======= Test Case =======
|
||||
int[] nums = { 2, 7, 11, 15 };
|
||||
int target = 9;
|
||||
|
||||
// ====== Driver Code ======
|
||||
// 方法一
|
||||
SolutionBruteForce slt1 = new SolutionBruteForce();
|
||||
int[] res = slt1.twoSum(nums, target);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("方法一 res = " + string.Join(",", res));
|
||||
// 方法二
|
||||
SolutionHashMap slt2 = new SolutionHashMap();
|
||||
res = slt2.twoSum(nums, target);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("方法二 res = " + string.Join(",", res));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: space_complexity.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_computational_complexity
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class space_complexity
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 函数 */
|
||||
static int function()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// do something
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 常数阶 */
|
||||
static void constant(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
||||
int a = 0;
|
||||
int b = 0;
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[10000];
|
||||
ListNode node = new ListNode(0);
|
||||
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int c = 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
function();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性阶 */
|
||||
static void linear(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
||||
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
||||
List<ListNode> nodes = new();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
nodes.Add(new ListNode(i));
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
||||
Dictionary<int, String> map = new();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
map.Add(i, i.ToString());
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
||||
static void linearRecur(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("递归 n = " + n);
|
||||
if (n == 1) return;
|
||||
linearRecur(n - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 平方阶 */
|
||||
static void quadratic(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
||||
int[,] numMatrix = new int[n, n];
|
||||
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
||||
List<List<int>> numList = new();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
List<int> tmp = new();
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
tmp.Add(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
numList.Add(tmp);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
||||
static int quadraticRecur(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (n <= 0) return 0;
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("递归 n = " + n + " 中的 nums 长度 = " + nums.Length);
|
||||
return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
|
||||
static TreeNode? buildTree(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (n == 0) return null;
|
||||
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(0);
|
||||
root.left = buildTree(n - 1);
|
||||
root.right = buildTree(n - 1);
|
||||
return root;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int n = 5;
|
||||
// 常数阶
|
||||
constant(n);
|
||||
// 线性阶
|
||||
linear(n);
|
||||
linearRecur(n);
|
||||
// 平方阶
|
||||
quadratic(n);
|
||||
quadraticRecur(n);
|
||||
// 指数阶
|
||||
TreeNode? root = buildTree(n);
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(root);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
232
codes/csharp/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.cs
Normal file
232
codes/csharp/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: time_complexity.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_computational_complexity
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class time_complexity
|
||||
{
|
||||
void algorithm(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int a = 1; // +0(技巧 1)
|
||||
a = a + n; // +0(技巧 1)
|
||||
// +n(技巧 2)
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 5 * n + 1; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
// +n*n(技巧 3)
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 2 * n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < n + 1; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 算法 A 时间复杂度:常数阶
|
||||
void algorithm_A(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 算法 B 时间复杂度:线性阶
|
||||
void algorithm_B(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 算法 C 时间复杂度:常数阶
|
||||
void algorithm_C(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 常数阶 */
|
||||
static int constant(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
int size = 100000;
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性阶 */
|
||||
static int linear(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性阶(遍历数组) */
|
||||
static int arrayTraversal(int[] nums)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
// 循环次数与数组长度成正比
|
||||
foreach (int num in nums)
|
||||
{
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 平方阶 */
|
||||
static int quadratic(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
// 循环次数与数组长度成平方关系
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 平方阶(冒泡排序) */
|
||||
static int bubbleSort(int[] nums)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int count = 0; // 计数器
|
||||
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
||||
int tmp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
||||
count += 3; // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 指数阶(循环实现) */
|
||||
static int exponential(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int count = 0, bas = 1;
|
||||
// cell 每轮一分为二,形成数列 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2^(n-1)
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < bas; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
bas *= 2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// count = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .. + 2^(n-1) = 2^n - 1
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 指数阶(递归实现) */
|
||||
static int expRecur(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (n == 1) return 1;
|
||||
return expRecur(n - 1) + expRecur(n - 1) + 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 对数阶(循环实现) */
|
||||
static int logarithmic(float n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
while (n > 1)
|
||||
{
|
||||
n = n / 2;
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 对数阶(递归实现) */
|
||||
static int logRecur(float n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (n <= 1) return 0;
|
||||
return logRecur(n / 2) + 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性对数阶 */
|
||||
static int linearLogRecur(float n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (n <= 1) return 1;
|
||||
int count = linearLogRecur(n / 2) +
|
||||
linearLogRecur(n / 2);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 阶乘阶(递归实现) */
|
||||
static int factorialRecur(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (n == 0) return 1;
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
// 从 1 个分裂出 n 个
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
count += factorialRecur(n - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 可以修改 n 运行,体会一下各种复杂度的操作数量变化趋势
|
||||
int n = 8;
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("输入数据大小 n = " + n);
|
||||
|
||||
int count = constant(n);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("常数阶的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = linear(n);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("线性阶的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
count = arrayTraversal(new int[n]);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("线性阶(遍历数组)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = quadratic(n);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("平方阶的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
nums[i] = n - i; // [n,n-1,...,2,1]
|
||||
count = bubbleSort(nums);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("平方阶(冒泡排序)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = exponential(n);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("指数阶(循环实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
count = expRecur(n);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("指数阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = logarithmic((float)n);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("对数阶(循环实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
count = logRecur((float)n);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("对数阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = linearLogRecur((float)n);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("线性对数阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
|
||||
count = factorialRecur(n);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("阶乘阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: worst_best_time_complexity.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_computational_complexity
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class worst_best_time_complexity
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 生成一个数组,元素为 { 1, 2, ..., n },顺序被打乱 */
|
||||
static int[] randomNumbers(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
||||
// 生成数组 nums = { 1, 2, 3, ..., n }
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
nums[i] = i + 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 随机打乱数组元素
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
var index = new Random().Next(i, nums.Length);
|
||||
var tmp = nums[i];
|
||||
var ran = nums[index];
|
||||
nums[i] = ran;
|
||||
nums[index] = tmp;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return nums;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查找数组 nums 中数字 1 所在索引 */
|
||||
static int findOne(int[] nums)
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (nums[i] == 1)
|
||||
return i;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int n = 100;
|
||||
int[] nums = randomNumbers(n);
|
||||
int index = findOne(nums);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n数组 [ 1, 2, ..., n ] 被打乱后 = " + string.Join(",", nums));
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("数字 1 的索引为 " + index);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
164
codes/csharp/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.cs
Normal file
164
codes/csharp/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: array_hash_map.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_hashing
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
/* 键值对 int->String */
|
||||
class Entry
|
||||
{
|
||||
public int key;
|
||||
public String val;
|
||||
public Entry(int key, String val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
this.key = key;
|
||||
this.val = val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||||
class ArrayHashMap
|
||||
{
|
||||
private List<Entry?> bucket;
|
||||
public ArrayHashMap()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 初始化一个长度为 100 的桶(数组)
|
||||
bucket = new ();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
bucket.Add(null);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||||
private int hashFunc(int key)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int index = key % 100;
|
||||
return index;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
public String? get(int key)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||||
Entry? pair = bucket[index];
|
||||
if (pair == null) return null;
|
||||
return pair.val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
public void put(int key, String val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Entry pair = new Entry(key, val);
|
||||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||||
bucket[index]=pair;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
public void remove(int key)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
||||
// 置为 null ,代表删除
|
||||
bucket[index]=null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取所有键值对 */
|
||||
public List<Entry> entrySet()
|
||||
{
|
||||
List<Entry> entrySet = new ();
|
||||
foreach (Entry? pair in bucket)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (pair != null)
|
||||
entrySet.Add(pair);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return entrySet;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||||
public List<int> keySet()
|
||||
{
|
||||
List<int> keySet = new ();
|
||||
foreach (Entry? pair in bucket)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (pair != null)
|
||||
keySet.Add(pair.key);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return keySet;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||||
public List<String> valueSet()
|
||||
{
|
||||
List<String> valueSet = new ();
|
||||
foreach (Entry? pair in bucket)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (pair != null)
|
||||
valueSet.Add(pair.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return valueSet;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||||
public void print()
|
||||
{
|
||||
foreach (Entry kv in entrySet())
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
public class array_hash_map
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||||
ArrayHashMap map = new ArrayHashMap();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.put(12836, "小哈");
|
||||
map.put(15937, "小啰");
|
||||
map.put(16750, "小算");
|
||||
map.put(13276, "小法");
|
||||
map.put(10583, "小鸭");
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n添加完成后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
|
||||
map.print();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||||
String? name = map.get(15937);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 " + name);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.remove(10583);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
|
||||
map.print();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n遍历键值对 Key->Value");
|
||||
foreach (Entry kv in map.entrySet())
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n单独遍历键 Key");
|
||||
foreach (int key in map.keySet())
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(key);
|
||||
}
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n单独遍历值 Value");
|
||||
foreach (String val in map.valueSet())
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
57
codes/csharp/chapter_hashing/hash_map.cs
Normal file
57
codes/csharp/chapter_hashing/hash_map.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: hash_map.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_hashing
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
public class hash_map {
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||||
Dictionary<int, String> map = new ();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.Add(12836, "小哈");
|
||||
map.Add(15937, "小啰");
|
||||
map.Add(16750, "小算");
|
||||
map.Add(13276, "小法");
|
||||
map.Add(10583, "小鸭");
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n添加完成后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
|
||||
PrintUtil.printHashMap(map);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||||
String name = map[15937];
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 " + name);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.Remove(10583);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
|
||||
PrintUtil.printHashMap(map);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n遍历键值对 Key->Value");
|
||||
foreach (var kv in map) {
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(kv.Key + " -> " + kv.Value);
|
||||
}
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n单独遍历键 Key");
|
||||
foreach (int key in map.Keys) {
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(key);
|
||||
}
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n单独遍历值 Value");
|
||||
foreach (String val in map.Values) {
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
68
codes/csharp/chapter_searching/binary_search.cs
Normal file
68
codes/csharp/chapter_searching/binary_search.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: binary_search.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_searching
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class binary_search
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
|
||||
static int binarySearch(int[] nums, int target)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素
|
||||
int i = 0, j = nums.Length - 1;
|
||||
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i > j 时为空)
|
||||
while (i <= j)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int m = (i + j) / 2; // 计算中点索引 m
|
||||
if (nums[m] < target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j] 中
|
||||
i = m + 1;
|
||||
else if (nums[m] > target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m-1] 中
|
||||
j = m - 1;
|
||||
else // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
|
||||
return m;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
|
||||
static int binarySearch1(int[] nums, int target)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 初始化左闭右开 [0, n) ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1
|
||||
int i = 0, j = nums.Length;
|
||||
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i = j 时为空)
|
||||
while (i < j)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int m = (i + j) / 2; // 计算中点索引 m
|
||||
if (nums[m] < target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j) 中
|
||||
i = m + 1;
|
||||
else if (nums[m] > target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m) 中
|
||||
j = m;
|
||||
else // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
|
||||
return m;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int target = 6;
|
||||
int[] nums = { 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 23, 67, 70, 92 };
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
|
||||
int index = binarySearch(nums, target);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("目标元素 6 的索引 = " + index);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
|
||||
index = binarySearch1(nums, target);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("目标元素 6 的索引 = " + index);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
60
codes/csharp/chapter_searching/hashing_search.cs
Normal file
60
codes/csharp/chapter_searching/hashing_search.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: hashing_search.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_searching
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class hashing_search
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 哈希查找(数组) */
|
||||
static int hashingSearch(Dictionary<int, int> map, int target)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 哈希表的 key: 目标元素,value: 索引
|
||||
// 若哈希表中无此 key ,返回 -1
|
||||
return map.GetValueOrDefault(target, -1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哈希查找(链表) */
|
||||
static ListNode? hashingSearch1(Dictionary<int, ListNode> map, int target)
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
// 哈希表的 key: 目标结点值,value: 结点对象
|
||||
// 若哈希表中无此 key ,返回 null
|
||||
return map.GetValueOrDefault(target);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int target = 3;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哈希查找(数组) */
|
||||
int[] nums = { 1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8 };
|
||||
// 初始化哈希表
|
||||
Dictionary<int, int> map = new();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
map[nums[i]] = i; // key: 元素,value: 索引
|
||||
}
|
||||
int index = hashingSearch(map, target);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("目标元素 3 的索引 = " + index);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哈希查找(链表) */
|
||||
ListNode? head = ListNode.ArrToLinkedList(nums);
|
||||
// 初始化哈希表
|
||||
Dictionary<int, ListNode> map1 = new();
|
||||
while (head != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
map1[head.val] = head; // key: 结点值,value: 结点
|
||||
head = head.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
ListNode? node = hashingSearch1(map1, target);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为 " + node);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
59
codes/csharp/chapter_searching/linear_search.cs
Normal file
59
codes/csharp/chapter_searching/linear_search.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: linear_search.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_searching
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class linear_search
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 线性查找(数组) */
|
||||
static int linearSearch(int[] nums, int target)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 遍历数组
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 找到目标元素,返回其索引
|
||||
if (nums[i] == target)
|
||||
return i;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性查找(链表) */
|
||||
static ListNode? linearSearch(ListNode head, int target)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 遍历链表
|
||||
while (head != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 找到目标结点,返回之
|
||||
if (head.val == target)
|
||||
return head;
|
||||
head = head.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 未找到目标结点,返回 null
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int target = 3;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 在数组中执行线性查找 */
|
||||
int[] nums = { 1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8 };
|
||||
int index = linearSearch(nums, target);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("目标元素 3 的索引 = " + index);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 在链表中执行线性查找 */
|
||||
ListNode head = ListNode.ArrToLinkedList(nums);
|
||||
ListNode? node = linearSearch(head, target);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为 " + node);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
68
codes/csharp/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.cs
Normal file
68
codes/csharp/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: bubble_sort.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_sorting
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class bubble_sort
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 冒泡排序 */
|
||||
static void bubbleSort(int[] nums)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
||||
int tmp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
|
||||
static void bubbleSortWithFlag(int[] nums)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
|
||||
{
|
||||
bool flag = false; // 初始化标志位
|
||||
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
||||
int tmp = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
|
||||
flag = true; // 记录交换元素
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (!flag) break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int[] nums = { 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
|
||||
bubbleSort(nums);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("冒泡排序完成后 nums = " + string.Join(",",nums));
|
||||
|
||||
int[] nums1 = { 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
|
||||
bubbleSortWithFlag(nums1);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("冒泡排序完成后 nums1 = " + string.Join(",", nums));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
38
codes/csharp/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.cs
Normal file
38
codes/csharp/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: insertion_sort.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_sorting
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class insertion_sort
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 插入排序 */
|
||||
static void insertionSort(int[] nums)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 外循环:base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1]
|
||||
for (int i = 1; i < nums.Length; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int bas = nums[i], j = i - 1;
|
||||
// 内循环:将 base 插入到左边的正确位置
|
||||
while (j >= 0 && nums[j] > bas)
|
||||
{
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = nums[j]; // 1. 将 nums[j] 向右移动一位
|
||||
j--;
|
||||
}
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = bas; // 2. 将 base 赋值到正确位置
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int[] nums = { 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
|
||||
insertionSort(nums);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("插入排序完成后 nums = " + string.Join(",", nums));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
65
codes/csharp/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.cs
Normal file
65
codes/csharp/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: merge_sort.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_sorting
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class merge_sort
|
||||
{
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* 合并左子数组和右子数组
|
||||
* 左子数组区间 [left, mid]
|
||||
* 右子数组区间 [mid + 1, right]
|
||||
*/
|
||||
static void merge(int[] nums, int left, int mid, int right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 初始化辅助数组
|
||||
int[] tmp = nums[left..(right + 1)];
|
||||
// 左子数组的起始索引和结束索引
|
||||
int leftStart = left - left, leftEnd = mid - left;
|
||||
// 右子数组的起始索引和结束索引
|
||||
int rightStart = mid + 1 - left, rightEnd = right - left;
|
||||
// i, j 分别指向左子数组、右子数组的首元素
|
||||
int i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
|
||||
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
|
||||
for (int k = left; k <= right; k++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
if (i > leftEnd)
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j])
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[i++];
|
||||
// 否则,若“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
else
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 归并排序 */
|
||||
static void mergeSort(int[] nums, int left, int right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 终止条件
|
||||
if (left >= right) return; // 当子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
|
||||
// 划分阶段
|
||||
int mid = (left + right) / 2; // 计算中点
|
||||
mergeSort(nums, left, mid); // 递归左子数组
|
||||
mergeSort(nums, mid + 1, right); // 递归右子数组
|
||||
// 合并阶段
|
||||
merge(nums, left, mid, right);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 归并排序 */
|
||||
int[] nums = { 7, 3, 2, 6, 0, 1, 5, 4 };
|
||||
mergeSort(nums, 0, nums.Length - 1);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("归并排序完成后 nums = " + string.Join(",", nums));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
183
codes/csharp/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.cs
Normal file
183
codes/csharp/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: quick_sort.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_sorting
|
||||
{
|
||||
class QuickSort
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 元素交换 */
|
||||
static void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int tmp = nums[i];
|
||||
nums[i] = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = tmp;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哨兵划分 */
|
||||
static int partition(int[] nums, int left, int right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
|
||||
int i = left, j = right;
|
||||
while (i < j)
|
||||
{
|
||||
while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left])
|
||||
j--; // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
|
||||
while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left])
|
||||
i++; // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
|
||||
swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
|
||||
}
|
||||
swap(nums, i, left); // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
|
||||
return i; // 返回基准数的索引
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 快速排序 */
|
||||
public static void quickSort(int[] nums, int left, int right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
|
||||
if (left >= right)
|
||||
return;
|
||||
// 哨兵划分
|
||||
int pivot = partition(nums, left, right);
|
||||
// 递归左子数组、右子数组
|
||||
quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1);
|
||||
quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 快速排序类(中位基准数优化) */
|
||||
class QuickSortMedian
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 元素交换 */
|
||||
static void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int tmp = nums[i];
|
||||
nums[i] = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = tmp;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 选取三个元素的中位数 */
|
||||
static int medianThree(int[] nums, int left, int mid, int right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 使用了异或操作来简化代码
|
||||
// 异或规则为 0 ^ 0 = 1 ^ 1 = 0, 0 ^ 1 = 1 ^ 0 = 1
|
||||
if ((nums[left] > nums[mid]) ^ (nums[left] > nums[right]))
|
||||
return left;
|
||||
else if ((nums[mid] < nums[left]) ^ (nums[mid] < nums[right]))
|
||||
return mid;
|
||||
else
|
||||
return right;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哨兵划分(三数取中值) */
|
||||
static int partition(int[] nums, int left, int right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 选取三个候选元素的中位数
|
||||
int med = medianThree(nums, left, (left + right) / 2, right);
|
||||
// 将中位数交换至数组最左端
|
||||
swap(nums, left, med);
|
||||
// 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
|
||||
int i = left, j = right;
|
||||
while (i < j)
|
||||
{
|
||||
while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left])
|
||||
j--; // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
|
||||
while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left])
|
||||
i++; // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
|
||||
swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
|
||||
}
|
||||
swap(nums, i, left); // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
|
||||
return i; // 返回基准数的索引
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 快速排序 */
|
||||
public static void quickSort(int[] nums, int left, int right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
|
||||
if (left >= right)
|
||||
return;
|
||||
// 哨兵划分
|
||||
int pivot = partition(nums, left, right);
|
||||
// 递归左子数组、右子数组
|
||||
quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1);
|
||||
quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 快速排序类(尾递归优化) */
|
||||
class QuickSortTailCall
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 元素交换 */
|
||||
static void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int tmp = nums[i];
|
||||
nums[i] = nums[j];
|
||||
nums[j] = tmp;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哨兵划分 */
|
||||
static int partition(int[] nums, int left, int right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
|
||||
int i = left, j = right;
|
||||
while (i < j)
|
||||
{
|
||||
while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left])
|
||||
j--; // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
|
||||
while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left])
|
||||
i++; // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
|
||||
swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
|
||||
}
|
||||
swap(nums, i, left); // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
|
||||
return i; // 返回基准数的索引
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 快速排序(尾递归优化) */
|
||||
public static void quickSort(int[] nums, int left, int right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 子数组长度为 1 时终止
|
||||
while (left < right)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 哨兵划分操作
|
||||
int pivot = partition(nums, left, right);
|
||||
// 对两个子数组中较短的那个执行快排
|
||||
if (pivot - left < right - pivot)
|
||||
{
|
||||
quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1); // 递归排序左子数组
|
||||
left = pivot + 1; // 剩余待排序区间为 [pivot + 1, right]
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right); // 递归排序右子数组
|
||||
right = pivot - 1; // 剩余待排序区间为 [left, pivot - 1]
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class quick_sort
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 快速排序 */
|
||||
int[] nums = { 2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5 };
|
||||
QuickSort.quickSort(nums, 0, nums.Length - 1);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("快速排序完成后 nums = " + string.Join(",", nums));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 快速排序(中位基准数优化) */
|
||||
int[] nums1 = { 2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5 };
|
||||
QuickSortMedian.quickSort(nums1, 0, nums1.Length - 1);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("快速排序(中位基准数优化)完成后 nums1 = " + string.Join(",", nums1));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 快速排序(尾递归优化) */
|
||||
int[] nums2 = { 2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5 };
|
||||
QuickSortTailCall.quickSort(nums2, 0, nums2.Length - 1);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("快速排序(尾递归优化)完成后 nums2 = " + string.Join(",", nums2));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
133
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.cs
Normal file
133
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: array_queue.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
||||
class ArrayQueue
|
||||
{
|
||||
private int[] nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
||||
private int front = 0; // 头指针,指向队首
|
||||
private int rear = 0; // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
||||
|
||||
public ArrayQueue(int capacity)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 初始化数组
|
||||
nums = new int[capacity];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
||||
public int capacity()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return nums.Length;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
public int size()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int capacity = this.capacity();
|
||||
// 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
|
||||
return (capacity + rear - front) % capacity;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
public bool isEmpty()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return rear - front == 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入队 */
|
||||
public void offer(int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (size() == capacity())
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列已满");
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||||
nums[rear] = num;
|
||||
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
|
||||
rear = (rear + 1) % capacity();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出队 */
|
||||
public int poll()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int num = peek();
|
||||
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
||||
front = (front + 1) % capacity();
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
public int peek()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (isEmpty())
|
||||
throw new Exception();
|
||||
return nums[front];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 返回数组 */
|
||||
public int[] toArray()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int size = this.size();
|
||||
int capacity = this.capacity();
|
||||
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
||||
int[] res = new int[size];
|
||||
for (int i = 0, j = front; i < size; i++, j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
res[i] = nums[j % capacity];
|
||||
}
|
||||
return res;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class array_queue
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化队列 */
|
||||
int capacity = 10;
|
||||
ArrayQueue queue = new ArrayQueue(capacity);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入队 */
|
||||
queue.offer(1);
|
||||
queue.offer(3);
|
||||
queue.offer(2);
|
||||
queue.offer(5);
|
||||
queue.offer(4);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列 queue = " + string.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
int peek = queue.peek();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
int poll = queue.poll();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = " + string.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
int size = queue.size();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列长度 size = " + size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
bool isEmpty = queue.isEmpty();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 测试环形数组 */
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
queue.offer(i);
|
||||
queue.poll();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("第 " + i + " 轮入队 + 出队后 queue = " + string.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
98
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.cs
Normal file
98
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: array_stack.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
|
||||
class ArrayStack
|
||||
{
|
||||
private List<int> stack;
|
||||
public ArrayStack()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 初始化列表(动态数组)
|
||||
stack = new();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取栈的长度 */
|
||||
public int size()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return stack.Count();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
|
||||
public bool isEmpty()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return size() == 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入栈 */
|
||||
public void push(int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
stack.Add(num);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出栈 */
|
||||
public int pop()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (isEmpty())
|
||||
throw new Exception();
|
||||
var val = peek();
|
||||
stack.RemoveAt(size() - 1);
|
||||
return val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
public int peek()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (isEmpty())
|
||||
throw new Exception();
|
||||
return stack[size() - 1];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
||||
public int[] toArray()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return stack.ToArray();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class array_stack
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化栈 */
|
||||
ArrayStack stack = new ArrayStack();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入栈 */
|
||||
stack.push(1);
|
||||
stack.push(3);
|
||||
stack.push(2);
|
||||
stack.push(5);
|
||||
stack.push(4);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈 stack = " + String.Join(",", stack.toArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
int peek = stack.peek();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出栈 */
|
||||
int pop = stack.pop();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + String.Join(",", stack.toArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取栈的长度 */
|
||||
int size = stack.size();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈的长度 size = " + size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断是否为空 */
|
||||
bool isEmpty = stack.isEmpty();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
124
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.cs
Normal file
124
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: linkedlist_queue.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
||||
class LinkedListQueue
|
||||
{
|
||||
private ListNode? front, rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
|
||||
private int queSize = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
public LinkedListQueue()
|
||||
{
|
||||
front = null;
|
||||
rear = null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
public int size()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return queSize;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
public bool isEmpty()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return size() == 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入队 */
|
||||
public void offer(int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
||||
ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
|
||||
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
||||
if (front == null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
front = node;
|
||||
rear = node;
|
||||
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (rear != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
rear.next = node;
|
||||
rear = node;
|
||||
}
|
||||
queSize++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出队 */
|
||||
public int poll()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int num = peek();
|
||||
// 删除头结点
|
||||
front = front?.next;
|
||||
queSize--;
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
public int peek()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (size() == 0 || front == null)
|
||||
throw new Exception();
|
||||
return front.val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
||||
public int[] toArray()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (front == null)
|
||||
return Array.Empty<int>();
|
||||
|
||||
ListNode node = front;
|
||||
int[] res = new int[size()];
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < res.Length; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
res[i] = node.val;
|
||||
node = node.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return res;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class linkedlist_queue
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化队列 */
|
||||
LinkedListQueue queue = new LinkedListQueue();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入队 */
|
||||
queue.offer(1);
|
||||
queue.offer(3);
|
||||
queue.offer(2);
|
||||
queue.offer(5);
|
||||
queue.offer(4);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列 queue = " + String.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
int peek = queue.peek();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
int poll = queue.poll();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = " + String.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
int size = queue.size();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列长度 size = " + size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
bool isEmpty = queue.isEmpty();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
113
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.cs
Normal file
113
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: linkedlist_stack.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
|
||||
{
|
||||
class LinkedListStack
|
||||
{
|
||||
private ListNode? stackPeek; // 将头结点作为栈顶
|
||||
private int stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
|
||||
|
||||
public LinkedListStack()
|
||||
{
|
||||
stackPeek = null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取栈的长度 */
|
||||
public int size()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return stkSize;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
|
||||
public bool isEmpty()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return size() == 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入栈 */
|
||||
public void push(int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
|
||||
node.next = stackPeek;
|
||||
stackPeek = node;
|
||||
stkSize++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出栈 */
|
||||
public int pop()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (stackPeek == null)
|
||||
throw new Exception();
|
||||
|
||||
int num = peek();
|
||||
stackPeek = stackPeek.next;
|
||||
stkSize--;
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
public int peek()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (size() == 0 || stackPeek==null)
|
||||
throw new Exception();
|
||||
return stackPeek.val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
||||
public int[] toArray()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (stackPeek == null)
|
||||
return Array.Empty<int>();
|
||||
|
||||
ListNode node = stackPeek;
|
||||
int[] res = new int[size()];
|
||||
for (int i = res.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
|
||||
{
|
||||
res[i] = node.val;
|
||||
node = node.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return res;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class linkedlist_stack
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化栈 */
|
||||
LinkedListStack stack = new LinkedListStack();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入栈 */
|
||||
stack.push(1);
|
||||
stack.push(3);
|
||||
stack.push(2);
|
||||
stack.push(5);
|
||||
stack.push(4);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈 stack = " + String.Join(",",stack.toArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
int peek = stack.peek();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出栈 */
|
||||
int pop = stack.pop();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + String.Join(",",stack.toArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取栈的长度 */
|
||||
int size = stack.size();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈的长度 size = " + size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断是否为空 */
|
||||
bool isEmpty = stack.isEmpty();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
45
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.cs
Normal file
45
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: queue.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class queue
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化队列 */
|
||||
Queue<int> queue = new();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入队 */
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(1);
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(3);
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(2);
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(5);
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(4);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列 queue = " + String.Join(",", queue.ToArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
||||
int peek = queue.Peek();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
int poll = queue.Dequeue();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = " + String.Join(",", queue.ToArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
||||
int size = queue.Count();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列长度 size = " + size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
||||
bool isEmpty = queue.Count() == 0;
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
45
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.cs
Normal file
45
codes/csharp/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: stack.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class stack
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化栈 */
|
||||
Stack<int> stack = new();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入栈 */
|
||||
stack.Push(1);
|
||||
stack.Push(3);
|
||||
stack.Push(2);
|
||||
stack.Push(5);
|
||||
stack.Push(4);
|
||||
// 请注意,stack.ToArray() 得到的是倒序序列,即索引 0 为栈顶
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈 stack = " + string.Join(",", stack.ToArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
int peek = stack.Peek();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出栈 */
|
||||
int pop = stack.Pop();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + string.Join(",", stack.ToArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取栈的长度 */
|
||||
int size = stack.Count();
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈的长度 size = " + size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断是否为空 */
|
||||
bool isEmpty = stack.Count() == 0;
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("栈是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
260
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/avl_tree.cs
Normal file
260
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/avl_tree.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: avl_tree.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
|
||||
{
|
||||
// Tree class
|
||||
class AVLTree
|
||||
{
|
||||
public TreeNode? root; // 根节点
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取结点高度 */
|
||||
public int height(TreeNode? node)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 空结点高度为 -1 ,叶结点高度为 0
|
||||
return node == null ? -1 : node.height;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 更新结点高度 */
|
||||
private void updateHeight(TreeNode node)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 结点高度等于最高子树高度 + 1
|
||||
node.height = Math.Max(height(node.left), height(node.right)) + 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取平衡因子 */
|
||||
public int balanceFactor(TreeNode? node)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 空结点平衡因子为 0
|
||||
if (node == null) return 0;
|
||||
// 结点平衡因子 = 左子树高度 - 右子树高度
|
||||
return height(node.left) - height(node.right);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 右旋操作 */
|
||||
TreeNode? rightRotate(TreeNode? node)
|
||||
{
|
||||
TreeNode? child = node.left;
|
||||
TreeNode? grandChild = child?.right;
|
||||
// 以 child 为原点,将 node 向右旋转
|
||||
child.right = node;
|
||||
node.left = grandChild;
|
||||
// 更新结点高度
|
||||
updateHeight(node);
|
||||
updateHeight(child);
|
||||
// 返回旋转后子树的根节点
|
||||
return child;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 左旋操作 */
|
||||
TreeNode? leftRotate(TreeNode? node)
|
||||
{
|
||||
TreeNode? child = node.right;
|
||||
TreeNode? grandChild = child?.left;
|
||||
// 以 child 为原点,将 node 向左旋转
|
||||
child.left = node;
|
||||
node.right = grandChild;
|
||||
// 更新结点高度
|
||||
updateHeight(node);
|
||||
updateHeight(child);
|
||||
// 返回旋转后子树的根节点
|
||||
return child;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
|
||||
TreeNode? rotate(TreeNode? node)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 获取结点 node 的平衡因子
|
||||
int balanceFactorInt = balanceFactor(node);
|
||||
// 左偏树
|
||||
if (balanceFactorInt > 1)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (balanceFactor(node.left) >= 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 右旋
|
||||
return rightRotate(node);
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 先左旋后右旋
|
||||
node.left = leftRotate(node?.left);
|
||||
return rightRotate(node);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 右偏树
|
||||
if (balanceFactorInt < -1)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (balanceFactor(node.right) <= 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 左旋
|
||||
return leftRotate(node);
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 先右旋后左旋
|
||||
node.right = rightRotate(node?.right);
|
||||
return leftRotate(node);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 平衡树,无需旋转,直接返回
|
||||
return node;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 插入结点 */
|
||||
public TreeNode? insert(int val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
root = insertHelper(root, val);
|
||||
return root;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 递归插入结点(辅助函数) */
|
||||
private TreeNode? insertHelper(TreeNode? node, int val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (node == null) return new TreeNode(val);
|
||||
/* 1. 查找插入位置,并插入结点 */
|
||||
if (val < node.val)
|
||||
node.left = insertHelper(node.left, val);
|
||||
else if (val > node.val)
|
||||
node.right = insertHelper(node.right, val);
|
||||
else
|
||||
return node; // 重复结点不插入,直接返回
|
||||
updateHeight(node); // 更新结点高度
|
||||
/* 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
|
||||
node = rotate(node);
|
||||
// 返回子树的根节点
|
||||
return node;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除结点 */
|
||||
public TreeNode? remove(int val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
root = removeHelper(root, val);
|
||||
return root;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 递归删除结点(辅助函数) */
|
||||
private TreeNode? removeHelper(TreeNode? node, int val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (node == null) return null;
|
||||
/* 1. 查找结点,并删除之 */
|
||||
if (val < node.val)
|
||||
node.left = removeHelper(node.left, val);
|
||||
else if (val > node.val)
|
||||
node.right = removeHelper(node.right, val);
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (node.left == null || node.right == null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
TreeNode? child = node.left != null ? node.left : node.right;
|
||||
// 子结点数量 = 0 ,直接删除 node 并返回
|
||||
if (child == null)
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
// 子结点数量 = 1 ,直接删除 node
|
||||
else
|
||||
node = child;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 子结点数量 = 2 ,则将中序遍历的下个结点删除,并用该结点替换当前结点
|
||||
TreeNode? temp = minNode(node.right);
|
||||
node.right = removeHelper(node.right, temp.val);
|
||||
node.val = temp.val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
updateHeight(node); // 更新结点高度
|
||||
/* 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
|
||||
node = rotate(node);
|
||||
// 返回子树的根节点
|
||||
return node;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取最小结点 */
|
||||
private TreeNode? minNode(TreeNode? node)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (node == null) return node;
|
||||
// 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
|
||||
while (node.left != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
node = node.left;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return node;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查找结点 */
|
||||
public TreeNode? search(int val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
TreeNode? cur = root;
|
||||
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
|
||||
while (cur != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 目标结点在 root 的右子树中
|
||||
if (cur.val < val)
|
||||
cur = cur.right;
|
||||
// 目标结点在 root 的左子树中
|
||||
else if (cur.val > val)
|
||||
cur = cur.left;
|
||||
// 找到目标结点,跳出循环
|
||||
else
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 返回目标结点
|
||||
return cur;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class avl_tree
|
||||
{
|
||||
static void testInsert(AVLTree tree, int val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
tree.insert(val);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n插入结点 " + val + " 后,AVL 树为");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(tree.root);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
static void testRemove(AVLTree tree, int val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
tree.remove(val);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 " + val + " 后,AVL 树为");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(tree.root);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化空 AVL 树 */
|
||||
AVLTree avlTree = new AVLTree();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 插入结点 */
|
||||
// 请关注插入结点后,AVL 树是如何保持平衡的
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 1);
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 2);
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 3);
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 4);
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 5);
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 8);
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 7);
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 9);
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 10);
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 6);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 插入重复结点 */
|
||||
testInsert(avlTree, 7);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除结点 */
|
||||
// 请关注删除结点后,AVL 树是如何保持平衡的
|
||||
testRemove(avlTree, 8); // 删除度为 0 的结点
|
||||
testRemove(avlTree, 5); // 删除度为 1 的结点
|
||||
testRemove(avlTree, 4); // 删除度为 2 的结点
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询结点 */
|
||||
TreeNode? node = avlTree.search(7);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n查找到的结点对象为 " + node + ",结点值 = " + node?.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
186
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.cs
Normal file
186
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: binary_search_tree.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
|
||||
{
|
||||
class BinarySearchTree
|
||||
{
|
||||
TreeNode? root;
|
||||
|
||||
public BinarySearchTree(int[] nums) {
|
||||
Array.Sort(nums); // 排序数组
|
||||
root = buildTree(nums, 0, nums.Length - 1); // 构建二叉搜索树
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取二叉树根结点 */
|
||||
public TreeNode? getRoot() {
|
||||
return root;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 构建二叉搜索树 */
|
||||
public TreeNode? buildTree(int[] nums, int i, int j) {
|
||||
if (i > j) return null;
|
||||
// 将数组中间结点作为根结点
|
||||
int mid = (i + j) / 2;
|
||||
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(nums[mid]);
|
||||
// 递归建立左子树和右子树
|
||||
root.left = buildTree(nums, i, mid - 1);
|
||||
root.right = buildTree(nums, mid + 1, j);
|
||||
return root;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/// <summary>
|
||||
/// 查找结点
|
||||
/// </summary>
|
||||
/// <param name="num"></param>
|
||||
/// <returns></returns>
|
||||
public TreeNode? search(int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
TreeNode? cur = root;
|
||||
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
|
||||
while (cur != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 目标结点在 root 的右子树中
|
||||
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
|
||||
// 目标结点在 root 的左子树中
|
||||
else if (cur.val > num) cur = cur.left;
|
||||
// 找到目标结点,跳出循环
|
||||
else break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 返回目标结点
|
||||
return cur;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 插入结点 */
|
||||
public TreeNode? insert(int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
|
||||
if (root == null) return null;
|
||||
TreeNode? cur = root, pre = null;
|
||||
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
|
||||
while (cur != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 找到重复结点,直接返回
|
||||
if (cur.val == num) return null;
|
||||
pre = cur;
|
||||
// 插入位置在 root 的右子树中
|
||||
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
|
||||
// 插入位置在 root 的左子树中
|
||||
else cur = cur.left;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 插入结点 val
|
||||
TreeNode node = new TreeNode(num);
|
||||
if (pre != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (pre.val < num) pre.right = node;
|
||||
else pre.left = node;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return node;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除结点 */
|
||||
public TreeNode? remove(int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
|
||||
if (root == null) return null;
|
||||
TreeNode? cur = root, pre = null;
|
||||
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
|
||||
while (cur != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 找到待删除结点,跳出循环
|
||||
if (cur.val == num) break;
|
||||
pre = cur;
|
||||
// 待删除结点在 root 的右子树中
|
||||
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
|
||||
// 待删除结点在 root 的左子树中
|
||||
else cur = cur.left;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 若无待删除结点,则直接返回
|
||||
if (cur == null || pre == null) return null;
|
||||
// 子结点数量 = 0 or 1
|
||||
if (cur.left == null || cur.right == null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 当子结点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子结点
|
||||
TreeNode? child = cur.left != null ? cur.left : cur.right;
|
||||
// 删除结点 cur
|
||||
if (pre.left == cur)
|
||||
{
|
||||
pre.left = child;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
pre.right = child;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 子结点数量 = 2
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个结点
|
||||
TreeNode? nex = min(cur.right);
|
||||
if (nex != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int tmp = nex.val;
|
||||
// 递归删除结点 nex
|
||||
remove(nex.val);
|
||||
// 将 nex 的值复制给 cur
|
||||
cur.val = tmp;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return cur;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取最小结点 */
|
||||
private TreeNode? min(TreeNode? root)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (root == null) return root;
|
||||
// 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
|
||||
while (root.left != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
root = root.left;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return root;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class binary_search_tree
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化二叉搜索树 */
|
||||
int[] nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 };
|
||||
BinarySearchTree bst = new BinarySearchTree(nums);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n初始化的二叉树为\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查找结点 */
|
||||
TreeNode? node = bst.search(5);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n查找到的结点对象为 " + node + ",结点值 = " + node.val);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 插入结点 */
|
||||
node = bst.insert(16);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n插入结点 16 后,二叉树为\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除结点 */
|
||||
bst.remove(1);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 1 后,二叉树为\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
|
||||
bst.remove(2);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 2 后,二叉树为\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
|
||||
bst.remove(4);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 4 后,二叉树为\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
46
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/binary_tree.cs
Normal file
46
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/binary_tree.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: binary_tree.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
public class binary_tree
|
||||
{
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
||||
// 初始化结点
|
||||
TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1);
|
||||
TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2);
|
||||
TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3);
|
||||
TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4);
|
||||
TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5);
|
||||
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
|
||||
n1.left = n2;
|
||||
n1.right = n3;
|
||||
n2.left = n4;
|
||||
n2.right = n5;
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n初始化二叉树\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(n1);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 插入与删除结点 */
|
||||
TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0);
|
||||
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入结点 P
|
||||
n1.left = P;
|
||||
P.left = n2;
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n插入结点 P 后\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(n1);
|
||||
// 删除结点 P
|
||||
n1.left = n2;
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 P 后\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(n1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
53
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.cs
Normal file
53
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: binary_tree_bfs.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class binary_tree_bfs
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
/// <summary>
|
||||
/// 层序遍历
|
||||
/// </summary>
|
||||
/// <param name="root"></param>
|
||||
/// <returns></returns>
|
||||
public List<int> hierOrder(TreeNode root)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 初始化队列,加入根结点
|
||||
Queue<TreeNode> queue = new();
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(root);
|
||||
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
|
||||
List<int> list = new();
|
||||
while (queue.Count != 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
TreeNode node = queue.Dequeue(); // 队列出队
|
||||
list.Add(node.val); // 保存结点值
|
||||
if (node.left != null)
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(node.left); // 左子结点入队
|
||||
if (node.right != null)
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(node.right); // 右子结点入队
|
||||
}
|
||||
return list;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
||||
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
|
||||
TreeNode? root = TreeNode.ArrToTree(new int?[] {
|
||||
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null});
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n初始化二叉树\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(root);
|
||||
|
||||
List<int> list = hierOrder(root);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n层序遍历的结点打印序列 = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
78
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.cs
Normal file
78
codes/csharp/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: binary_tree_bfs.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
using hello_algo.include;
|
||||
using NUnit.Framework;
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class binary_tree_dfs
|
||||
{
|
||||
List<int> list = new();
|
||||
|
||||
/// <summary>
|
||||
/// 前序遍历
|
||||
/// </summary>
|
||||
/// <param name="root"></param>
|
||||
void preOrder(TreeNode? root)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (root == null) return;
|
||||
// 访问优先级:根结点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
|
||||
list.Add(root.val);
|
||||
preOrder(root.left);
|
||||
preOrder(root.right);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/// <summary>
|
||||
/// 中序遍历
|
||||
/// </summary>
|
||||
/// <param name="root"></param>
|
||||
void inOrder(TreeNode? root)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (root == null) return;
|
||||
// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根结点 -> 右子树
|
||||
inOrder(root.left);
|
||||
list.Add(root.val);
|
||||
inOrder(root.right);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/// <summary>
|
||||
/// 后序遍历
|
||||
/// </summary>
|
||||
/// <param name="root"></param>
|
||||
void postOrder(TreeNode? root)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (root == null) return;
|
||||
// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根结点
|
||||
postOrder(root.left);
|
||||
postOrder(root.right);
|
||||
list.Add(root.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
[Test]
|
||||
public void Test()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
||||
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
|
||||
TreeNode? root = TreeNode.ArrToTree(new int?[] {
|
||||
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null});
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n初始化二叉树\n");
|
||||
PrintUtil.PrintTree(root);
|
||||
|
||||
list.Clear();
|
||||
preOrder(root);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n前序遍历的结点打印序列 = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
list.Clear();
|
||||
inOrder(root);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n中序遍历的结点打印序列 = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
|
||||
|
||||
list.Clear();
|
||||
postOrder(root);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("\n后序遍历的结点打印序列 = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace hello_algo.include
|
||||
public class ListNode
|
||||
{
|
||||
public int val;
|
||||
public ListNode next;
|
||||
public ListNode? next;
|
||||
|
||||
/// <summary>
|
||||
/// Generate a linked list with an array
|
||||
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace hello_algo.include
|
||||
/// </summary>
|
||||
/// <param name="arr"></param>
|
||||
/// <returns></returns>
|
||||
public static ListNode ArrToLinkedList(int[] arr)
|
||||
public static ListNode? ArrToLinkedList(int[] arr)
|
||||
{
|
||||
ListNode dum = new ListNode(0);
|
||||
ListNode head = dum;
|
||||
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace hello_algo.include
|
||||
/// <param name="head"></param>
|
||||
/// <param name="val"></param>
|
||||
/// <returns></returns>
|
||||
public static ListNode GetListNode(ListNode head, int val)
|
||||
public static ListNode? GetListNode(ListNode? head, int val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
while (head != null && head.val != val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
124
codes/csharp/include/PrintUtil.cs
Normal file
124
codes/csharp/include/PrintUtil.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: PrintUtil.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.include
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class Trunk
|
||||
{
|
||||
public Trunk? prev;
|
||||
public String str;
|
||||
|
||||
public Trunk(Trunk? prev, String str)
|
||||
{
|
||||
this.prev = prev;
|
||||
this.str = str;
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
public class PrintUtil
|
||||
{
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Print a linked list
|
||||
* @param head
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static void PrintLinkedList(ListNode head)
|
||||
{
|
||||
List<String> list = new();
|
||||
while (head != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
list.Add(head.val.ToString());
|
||||
head = head.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
Console.Write(String.Join(" -> ", list));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* The interface of the tree printer
|
||||
* This tree printer is borrowed from TECHIE DELIGHT
|
||||
* https://www.techiedelight.com/c-program-print-binary-tree/
|
||||
* @param root
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static void PrintTree(TreeNode? root)
|
||||
{
|
||||
PrintTree(root, null, false);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Print a binary tree
|
||||
* @param root
|
||||
* @param prev
|
||||
* @param isLeft
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static void PrintTree(TreeNode? root, Trunk? prev, bool isLeft)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (root == null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
String prev_str = " ";
|
||||
Trunk trunk = new Trunk(prev, prev_str);
|
||||
|
||||
PrintTree(root.right, trunk, true);
|
||||
|
||||
if (prev == null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
trunk.str = "———";
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (isLeft)
|
||||
{
|
||||
trunk.str = "/———";
|
||||
prev_str = " |";
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
trunk.str = "\\———";
|
||||
prev.str = prev_str;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
showTrunks(trunk);
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(" " + root.val);
|
||||
|
||||
if (prev != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
prev.str = prev_str;
|
||||
}
|
||||
trunk.str = " |";
|
||||
|
||||
PrintTree(root.left, trunk, false);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Helper function to print branches of the binary tree
|
||||
* @param p
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static void showTrunks(Trunk? p)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (p == null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
showTrunks(p.prev);
|
||||
Console.Write(p.str);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Print a hash map
|
||||
* @param <K>
|
||||
* @param <V>
|
||||
* @param map
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static void printHashMap<K, V>(Dictionary<K, V> map) where K : notnull
|
||||
{
|
||||
foreach (var kv in map.Keys)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine(kv.ToString() + " -> " + map[kv]?.ToString());
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
98
codes/csharp/include/TreeNode.cs
Normal file
98
codes/csharp/include/TreeNode.cs
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: TreeNode.cs
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
|
||||
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
namespace hello_algo.include
|
||||
{
|
||||
public class TreeNode
|
||||
{
|
||||
public int val; // 结点值
|
||||
public int height; // 结点高度
|
||||
public TreeNode? left; // 左子结点引用
|
||||
public TreeNode? right; // 右子结点引用
|
||||
|
||||
public TreeNode(int x)
|
||||
{
|
||||
val = x;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Generate a binary tree with an array
|
||||
* @param arr
|
||||
* @return
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static TreeNode? ArrToTree(int?[] arr)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (arr.Length == 0 || arr[0] == null)
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
|
||||
TreeNode root = new TreeNode((int) arr[0]);
|
||||
Queue<TreeNode> queue = new Queue<TreeNode>();
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(root);
|
||||
int i = 1;
|
||||
while (queue.Count!=0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
TreeNode node = queue.Dequeue();
|
||||
if (arr[i] != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
node.left = new TreeNode((int) arr[i]);
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(node.left);
|
||||
}
|
||||
i++;
|
||||
if (arr[i] != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
node.right = new TreeNode((int) arr[i]);
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(node.right);
|
||||
}
|
||||
i++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return root;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Serialize a binary tree to a list
|
||||
* @param root
|
||||
* @return
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static List<int?> TreeToList(TreeNode root)
|
||||
{
|
||||
List<int?> list = new();
|
||||
if (root == null) return list;
|
||||
Queue<TreeNode?> queue = new();
|
||||
while (queue.Count != 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
TreeNode? node = queue.Dequeue();
|
||||
if (node != null)
|
||||
{
|
||||
list.Add(node.val);
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(node.left);
|
||||
queue.Enqueue(node.right);
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
list.Add(null);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return list;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Get a tree node with specific value in a binary tree
|
||||
* @param root
|
||||
* @param val
|
||||
* @return
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public static TreeNode? GetTreeNode(TreeNode? root, int val)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (root == null)
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
if (root.val == val)
|
||||
return root;
|
||||
TreeNode? left = GetTreeNode(root.left, val);
|
||||
TreeNode? right = GetTreeNode(root.right, val);
|
||||
return left != null ? left : right;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
@ -79,16 +79,19 @@ func (l *MyList) insert(num, index int) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除元素 */
|
||||
func (l *MyList) remove(index int) {
|
||||
func (l *MyList) remove(index int) int {
|
||||
if index >= l.numsSize {
|
||||
panic("索引越界")
|
||||
}
|
||||
num := l.nums[index]
|
||||
// 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
||||
for j := index; j < l.numsSize-1; j++ {
|
||||
l.nums[j] = l.nums[j+1]
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
l.numsSize--
|
||||
// 返回被删除元素
|
||||
return num
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 列表扩容 */
|
||||
@ -103,4 +106,4 @@ func (l *MyList) extendCapacity() {
|
||||
func (l *MyList) toArray() []int {
|
||||
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
||||
return l.nums[:l.numsSize]
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func printTree(root *TreeNode) {
|
||||
printTree(root.right)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 函数(或称方法)*/
|
||||
/* 函数 */
|
||||
func function() int {
|
||||
// do something...
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
|
@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ func merge(nums []int, left, mid, right int) {
|
||||
i, j := left_start, right_start
|
||||
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
|
||||
for k := left; k <= right; k++ {
|
||||
// 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
if i > left_end {
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j]
|
||||
j++
|
||||
// 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” 或 “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
} else if j > right_end || tmp[i] <= tmp[j] {
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[i]
|
||||
i++
|
||||
// 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 否则,若“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j]
|
||||
j++
|
||||
|
@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ public class merge_sort {
|
||||
int i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
|
||||
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
|
||||
for (int k = left; k <= right; k++) {
|
||||
// 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
if (i > leftEnd)
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
// 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” 或 “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j])
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[i++];
|
||||
// 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 否则,若“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
else
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -63,13 +63,6 @@ class ArrayQueue {
|
||||
return nums[front];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
|
||||
int get(int index) {
|
||||
if (index >= size())
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
|
||||
return nums[(front + index) % capacity()];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 返回数组 */
|
||||
public int[] toArray() {
|
||||
int size = size();
|
||||
|
@ -45,13 +45,6 @@ class ArrayStack {
|
||||
return stack.get(size() - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
|
||||
public int get(int index) {
|
||||
if (index >= size())
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
|
||||
return stack.get(index);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
||||
public Object[] toArray() {
|
||||
return stack.toArray();
|
||||
@ -75,10 +68,6 @@ public class array_stack {
|
||||
int peek = stack.peek();
|
||||
System.out.println("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
|
||||
int num = stack.get(3);
|
||||
System.out.println("栈索引 3 处的元素为 num = " + num);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出栈 */
|
||||
int pop = stack.pop();
|
||||
System.out.println("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + Arrays.toString(stack.toArray()));
|
||||
|
129
codes/javascript/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.js
Normal file
129
codes/javascript/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.js
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* File: array_hash_map.js
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-26
|
||||
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
/* 键值对 Number -> String */
|
||||
class Entry {
|
||||
constructor(key, val) {
|
||||
this.key = key;
|
||||
this.val = val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||||
class ArrayHashMap {
|
||||
#bucket;
|
||||
constructor() {
|
||||
// 初始化一个长度为 100 的桶(数组)
|
||||
this.#bucket = new Array(100).fill(null);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||||
#hashFunc(key) {
|
||||
return key % 100;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
get(key) {
|
||||
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
||||
let entry = this.#bucket[index];
|
||||
if (entry === null) return null;
|
||||
return entry.val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
set(key, val) {
|
||||
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
||||
this.#bucket[index] = new Entry(key, val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
delete(key) {
|
||||
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
||||
// 置为 null ,代表删除
|
||||
this.#bucket[index] = null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取所有键值对 */
|
||||
entries() {
|
||||
let arr = [];
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < this.#bucket.length; i++) {
|
||||
if (this.#bucket[i]) {
|
||||
arr.push(this.#bucket[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return arr;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||||
keys() {
|
||||
let arr = [];
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < this.#bucket.length; i++) {
|
||||
if (this.#bucket[i]) {
|
||||
arr.push(this.#bucket[i]?.key);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return arr;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||||
values() {
|
||||
let arr = [];
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < this.#bucket.length; i++) {
|
||||
if (this.#bucket[i]) {
|
||||
arr.push(this.#bucket[i]?.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return arr;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||||
print() {
|
||||
let entrySet = this.entries();
|
||||
for (const entry of entrySet) {
|
||||
if (!entry) continue;
|
||||
console.info(`${entry.key} -> ${entry.val}`);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||||
const map = new ArrayHashMap();
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.set(12836, '小哈');
|
||||
map.set(15937, '小啰');
|
||||
map.set(16750, '小算');
|
||||
map.set(13276, '小法');
|
||||
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
|
||||
console.info('\n添加完成后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||||
map.print();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||||
let name = map.get(15937);
|
||||
console.info('\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 ' + name);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.delete(10583);
|
||||
console.info('\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||||
map.print();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||||
console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
|
||||
for (const entry of map.entries()) {
|
||||
if (!entry) continue;
|
||||
console.info(entry.key + ' -> ' + entry.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
|
||||
for (const key of map.keys()) {
|
||||
console.info(key);
|
||||
}
|
||||
console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
|
||||
for (const val of map.values()) {
|
||||
console.info(val);
|
||||
}
|
44
codes/javascript/chapter_hashing/hash_map.js
Normal file
44
codes/javascript/chapter_hashing/hash_map.js
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* File: hash_map.js
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-26
|
||||
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||||
const map = new Map();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.set(12836, '小哈');
|
||||
map.set(15937, '小啰');
|
||||
map.set(16750, '小算');
|
||||
map.set(13276, '小法');
|
||||
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
|
||||
console.info('\n添加完成后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||||
console.info(map);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||||
let name = map.get(15937);
|
||||
console.info('\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 ' + name);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.delete(10583);
|
||||
console.info('\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||||
console.info(map);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||||
console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
|
||||
for (const [k, v] of map.entries()) {
|
||||
console.info(k + ' -> ' + v);
|
||||
}
|
||||
console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
|
||||
for (const k of map.keys()) {
|
||||
console.info(k);
|
||||
}
|
||||
console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
|
||||
for (const v of map.values()) {
|
||||
console.info(v);
|
||||
}
|
53
codes/javascript/chapter_searching/binary_search.js
Normal file
53
codes/javascript/chapter_searching/binary_search.js
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: binary_search.js
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-22
|
||||
* Author: JoseHung (szhong@link.cuhk.edu.hk)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
|
||||
function binarySearch(nums, target) {
|
||||
// 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素
|
||||
let i = 0, j = nums.length - 1;
|
||||
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i > j 时为空)
|
||||
while (i <= j) {
|
||||
let m = parseInt((i + j) / 2); // 计算中点索引 m ,在 JS 中需使用 parseInt 函数取整
|
||||
if (nums[m] < target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j] 中
|
||||
i = m + 1;
|
||||
else if (nums[m] > target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m-1] 中
|
||||
j = m - 1;
|
||||
else
|
||||
return m; // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
|
||||
function binarySearch1(nums, target) {
|
||||
// 初始化左闭右开 [0, n) ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1
|
||||
let i = 0, j = nums.length;
|
||||
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i = j 时为空)
|
||||
while (i < j) {
|
||||
let m = parseInt((i + j) / 2); // 计算中点索引 m ,在 JS 中需使用 parseInt 函数取整
|
||||
if (nums[m] < target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j) 中
|
||||
i = m + 1;
|
||||
else if (nums[m] > target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m) 中
|
||||
j = m;
|
||||
else // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
|
||||
return m;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
var target = 6;
|
||||
var nums = [1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 23, 67, 70, 92];
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
|
||||
var index = binarySearch(nums, target);
|
||||
console.log("目标元素 6 的索引 = " + index);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
|
||||
index = binarySearch1(nums, target);
|
||||
console.log("目标元素 6 的索引 = " + index);
|
48
codes/javascript/chapter_searching/linear_search.js
Normal file
48
codes/javascript/chapter_searching/linear_search.js
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: linear-search.js
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-22
|
||||
* Author: JoseHung (szhong@link.cuhk.edu.hk)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
const ListNode = require("../include/ListNode");
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性查找(数组) */
|
||||
function linearSearchArray(nums, target) {
|
||||
// 遍历数组
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
||||
// 找到目标元素,返回其索引
|
||||
if (nums[i] === target) {
|
||||
return i;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性查找(链表)*/
|
||||
function linearSearchLinkedList(head, target) {
|
||||
// 遍历链表
|
||||
while(head) {
|
||||
// 找到目标结点,返回之
|
||||
if(head.val === target) {
|
||||
return head;
|
||||
}
|
||||
head = head.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 未找到目标结点,返回 null
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
var target = 3;
|
||||
|
||||
/* 在数组中执行线性查找 */
|
||||
var nums = [1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8];
|
||||
var index = linearSearchArray(nums, target);
|
||||
console.log("目标元素 3 的索引 = " + index);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 在链表中执行线性查找 */
|
||||
var linkedList = new ListNode();
|
||||
var head = linkedList.arrToLinkedList(nums);
|
||||
var node = linearSearchLinkedList(head, target);
|
||||
console.log("目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为 " + node);
|
@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ function merge(nums, left, mid, right) {
|
||||
let i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
|
||||
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
|
||||
for (let k = left; k <= right; k++) {
|
||||
// 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
if (i > leftEnd) {
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
// 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” 或 “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
} else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j]) {
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[i++];
|
||||
// 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 否则,若“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -56,13 +56,6 @@ class ArrayQueue {
|
||||
return this.#queue[this.#front];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问指定索引元素 */
|
||||
get(index) {
|
||||
if (index >= this.size)
|
||||
throw new Error("索引越界");
|
||||
return this.#queue[(this.#front + index) % this.capacity];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 返回 Array */
|
||||
toArray() {
|
||||
const siz = this.size;
|
||||
@ -95,10 +88,6 @@ console.log(queue.toArray());
|
||||
const peek = queue.peek();
|
||||
console.log("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问指定索引元素 */
|
||||
const num = queue.get(2);
|
||||
console.log("队列第 3 个元素为 num = " + num);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
const poll = queue.poll();
|
||||
console.log("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = ");
|
||||
|
@ -41,13 +41,6 @@ class ArrayStack {
|
||||
return this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
|
||||
get(index) {
|
||||
if (index >= this.size)
|
||||
throw new Error("索引越界");
|
||||
return this.stack[index];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 返回 Array */
|
||||
toArray() {
|
||||
return this.stack;
|
||||
@ -73,10 +66,6 @@ console.log(stack.toArray());
|
||||
const top = stack.top();
|
||||
console.log("栈顶元素 top = " + top);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
|
||||
const num = stack.get(3);
|
||||
console.log("栈索引 3 处的元素为 num = " + num);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出栈 */
|
||||
const pop = stack.pop();
|
||||
console.log("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = ");
|
||||
|
89
codes/javascript/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.js
Normal file
89
codes/javascript/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.js
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: linkedlist_stack.js
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-22
|
||||
* Author: S-N-O-R-L-A-X (snorlax.xu@outlook.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
const ListNode = require("../include/ListNode");
|
||||
|
||||
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
|
||||
class LinkedListStack {
|
||||
#stackPeek; // 将头结点作为栈顶
|
||||
#stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
|
||||
|
||||
constructor() {
|
||||
this.#stackPeek = null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取栈的长度 */
|
||||
get size() {
|
||||
return this.#stkSize;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
|
||||
isEmpty() {
|
||||
return this.size == 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入栈 */
|
||||
push(num) {
|
||||
const node = new ListNode(num);
|
||||
node.next = this.#stackPeek;
|
||||
this.#stackPeek = node;
|
||||
this.#stkSize++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出栈 */
|
||||
pop() {
|
||||
const num = this.peek();
|
||||
this.#stackPeek = this.#stackPeek.next;
|
||||
this.#stkSize--;
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
peek() {
|
||||
if (!this.#stackPeek)
|
||||
throw new Error("栈为空!");
|
||||
return this.#stackPeek.val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
||||
toArray() {
|
||||
let node = this.#stackPeek;
|
||||
const res = new Array(this.size);
|
||||
for (let i = res.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
||||
res[i] = node.val;
|
||||
node = node.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return res;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/* 初始化栈 */
|
||||
const stack = new LinkedListStack();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入栈 */
|
||||
stack.push(1);
|
||||
stack.push(3);
|
||||
stack.push(2);
|
||||
stack.push(5);
|
||||
stack.push(4);
|
||||
console.log("栈 stack = " + stack.toArray());
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
const peek = stack.peek();
|
||||
console.log("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出栈 */
|
||||
const pop = stack.pop();
|
||||
console.log("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + stack.toArray());
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取栈的长度 */
|
||||
const size = stack.size;
|
||||
console.log("栈的长度 size = " + size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断是否为空 */
|
||||
const isEmpty = stack.isEmpty();
|
||||
console.log("栈是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class ListNode {
|
||||
*/
|
||||
arrToLinkedList(arr) {
|
||||
const dum = new ListNode(0);
|
||||
const head = dum;
|
||||
let head = dum;
|
||||
for (const val of arr) {
|
||||
head.next = new ListNode(val);
|
||||
head = head.next;
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: array.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: linked_list.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: list.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: my_list.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
@ -55,11 +55,14 @@ class MyList:
|
||||
""" 删除元素 """
|
||||
def remove(self, index):
|
||||
assert index < self.__size, "索引越界"
|
||||
num = self.nums[index]
|
||||
# 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
||||
for j in range(index, self.__size - 1):
|
||||
self.__nums[j] = self.__nums[j + 1]
|
||||
# 更新元素数量
|
||||
self.__size -= 1
|
||||
# 返回被删除元素
|
||||
return num
|
||||
|
||||
""" 列表扩容 """
|
||||
def extend_capacity(self):
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: leetcode_two_sum.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: space_complexity.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: time_complexity.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: worst_best_time_complexity.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: binary_search.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-26
|
||||
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: hashing_search.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-26
|
||||
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: linear_search.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-26
|
||||
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: bubble_sort.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: insertion_sort.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: merge_sort.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ def merge(nums, left, mid, right):
|
||||
i, j = left_start, right_start
|
||||
# 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
|
||||
for k in range(left, right + 1):
|
||||
# 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
# 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
if i > left_end:
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j]
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
# 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” 或 “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
# 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
elif j > right_end or tmp[i] <= tmp[j]:
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[i]
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
# 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
# 否则,若“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
else:
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j]
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: quick_sort.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: array_queue.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-12-01
|
||||
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import os.path as osp
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
@ -54,13 +54,6 @@ class ArrayQueue:
|
||||
return False
|
||||
return self.__nums[self.__front]
|
||||
|
||||
""" 访问指定位置元素 """
|
||||
def get(self, index):
|
||||
if index >= self.size():
|
||||
print("索引越界")
|
||||
return False
|
||||
return self.__nums[(self.__front + index) % self.capacity()]
|
||||
|
||||
""" 返回列表用于打印 """
|
||||
def to_list(self):
|
||||
res = [0] * self.size()
|
||||
@ -88,10 +81,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
peek = queue.peek()
|
||||
print("队首元素 peek =", peek)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 访问索引 index 处元素 """
|
||||
num = queue.get(3)
|
||||
print("队列索引 3 处的元素为 num =", num)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 元素出队 """
|
||||
poll = queue.poll()
|
||||
print("出队元素 poll =", poll)
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: array_stack.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-29
|
||||
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
@ -34,11 +34,6 @@ class ArrayStack:
|
||||
def peek(self):
|
||||
assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空"
|
||||
return self.__stack[-1]
|
||||
|
||||
""" 访问索引 index 处元素 """
|
||||
def get(self, index):
|
||||
assert index < self.size(), "索引越界"
|
||||
return self.__stack[index]
|
||||
|
||||
""" 返回列表用于打印 """
|
||||
def to_list(self):
|
||||
@ -62,10 +57,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
peek = stack.peek()
|
||||
print("栈顶元素 peek =", peek)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 访问索引 index 处元素 """
|
||||
num = stack.get(3)
|
||||
print("栈索引 3 处的元素为 num =", num)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 元素出栈 """
|
||||
pop = stack.pop()
|
||||
print("出栈元素 pop =", pop)
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: deque.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-29
|
||||
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import os.path as osp
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: linkedlist_queue.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-12-01
|
||||
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import os.path as osp
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: linkedlist_stack.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-29
|
||||
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: queue.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-29
|
||||
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import os.path as osp
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: stack.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-29
|
||||
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
|
208
codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py
Normal file
208
codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: avl_tree.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-12-20
|
||||
Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
import typing
|
||||
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
from include import *
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
class AVLTree:
|
||||
def __init__(self, root: typing.Optional[TreeNode] = None):
|
||||
self.root = root
|
||||
|
||||
""" 获取结点高度 """
|
||||
def height(self, node: typing.Optional[TreeNode]) -> int:
|
||||
# 空结点高度为 -1 ,叶结点高度为 0
|
||||
if node is not None:
|
||||
return node.height
|
||||
return -1
|
||||
|
||||
""" 更新结点高度 """
|
||||
def __update_height(self, node: TreeNode):
|
||||
# 结点高度等于最高子树高度 + 1
|
||||
node.height = max([self.height(node.left), self.height(node.right)]) + 1
|
||||
|
||||
""" 获取平衡因子 """
|
||||
def balance_factor(self, node: TreeNode) -> int:
|
||||
# 空结点平衡因子为 0
|
||||
if node is None:
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
# 结点平衡因子 = 左子树高度 - 右子树高度
|
||||
return self.height(node.left) - self.height(node.right)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 右旋操作 """
|
||||
def __right_rotate(self, node: TreeNode) -> TreeNode:
|
||||
child = node.left
|
||||
grand_child = child.right
|
||||
# 以 child 为原点,将 node 向右旋转
|
||||
child.right = node
|
||||
node.left = grand_child
|
||||
# 更新结点高度
|
||||
self.__update_height(node)
|
||||
self.__update_height(child)
|
||||
# 返回旋转后子树的根节点
|
||||
return child
|
||||
|
||||
""" 左旋操作 """
|
||||
def __left_rotate(self, node: TreeNode) -> TreeNode:
|
||||
child = node.right
|
||||
grand_child = child.left
|
||||
# 以 child 为原点,将 node 向左旋转
|
||||
child.left = node
|
||||
node.right = grand_child
|
||||
# 更新结点高度
|
||||
self.__update_height(node)
|
||||
self.__update_height(child)
|
||||
# 返回旋转后子树的根节点
|
||||
return child
|
||||
|
||||
""" 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 """
|
||||
def __rotate(self, node: TreeNode) -> TreeNode:
|
||||
# 获取结点 node 的平衡因子
|
||||
balance_factor = self.balance_factor(node)
|
||||
# 左偏树
|
||||
if balance_factor > 1:
|
||||
if self.balance_factor(node.left) >= 0:
|
||||
# 右旋
|
||||
return self.__right_rotate(node)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
# 先左旋后右旋
|
||||
node.left = self.__left_rotate(node.left)
|
||||
return self.__right_rotate(node)
|
||||
# 右偏树
|
||||
elif balance_factor < -1:
|
||||
if self.balance_factor(node.right) <= 0:
|
||||
# 左旋
|
||||
return self.__left_rotate(node)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
# 先右旋后左旋
|
||||
node.right = self.__right_rotate(node.right)
|
||||
return self.__left_rotate(node)
|
||||
# 平衡树,无需旋转,直接返回
|
||||
return node
|
||||
|
||||
""" 插入结点 """
|
||||
def insert(self, val) -> TreeNode:
|
||||
self.root = self.__insert_helper(self.root, val)
|
||||
return self.root
|
||||
|
||||
""" 递归插入结点(辅助函数)"""
|
||||
def __insert_helper(self, node: typing.Optional[TreeNode], val: int) -> TreeNode:
|
||||
if node is None:
|
||||
return TreeNode(val)
|
||||
# 1. 查找插入位置,并插入结点
|
||||
if val < node.val:
|
||||
node.left = self.__insert_helper(node.left, val)
|
||||
elif val > node.val:
|
||||
node.right = self.__insert_helper(node.right, val)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
# 重复结点不插入,直接返回
|
||||
return node
|
||||
# 更新结点高度
|
||||
self.__update_height(node)
|
||||
# 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡
|
||||
return self.__rotate(node)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 删除结点 """
|
||||
def remove(self, val: int):
|
||||
root = self.__remove_helper(self.root, val)
|
||||
return root
|
||||
|
||||
""" 递归删除结点(辅助函数) """
|
||||
def __remove_helper(self, node: typing.Optional[TreeNode], val: int) -> typing.Optional[TreeNode]:
|
||||
if node is None:
|
||||
return None
|
||||
# 1. 查找结点,并删除之
|
||||
if val < node.val:
|
||||
node.left = self.__remove_helper(node.left, val)
|
||||
elif val > node.val:
|
||||
node.right = self.__remove_helper(node.right, val)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
if node.left is None or node.right is None:
|
||||
child = node.left or node.right
|
||||
# 子结点数量 = 0 ,直接删除 node 并返回
|
||||
if child is None:
|
||||
return None
|
||||
# 子结点数量 = 1 ,直接删除 node
|
||||
else:
|
||||
node = child
|
||||
else: # 子结点数量 = 2 ,则将中序遍历的下个结点删除,并用该结点替换当前结点
|
||||
temp = self.__min_node(node.right)
|
||||
node.right = self.__remove_helper(node.right, temp.val)
|
||||
node.val = temp.val
|
||||
# 更新结点高度
|
||||
self.__update_height(node)
|
||||
# 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡
|
||||
return self.__rotate(node)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 获取最小结点 """
|
||||
def __min_node(self, node: typing.Optional[TreeNode]) -> typing.Optional[TreeNode]:
|
||||
if node is None:
|
||||
return None
|
||||
# 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
|
||||
while node.left is not None:
|
||||
node = node.left
|
||||
return node
|
||||
|
||||
""" 查找结点 """
|
||||
def search(self, val: int):
|
||||
cur = self.root
|
||||
# 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
|
||||
while cur is not None:
|
||||
# 目标结点在 root 的右子树中
|
||||
if cur.val < val:
|
||||
cur = cur.right
|
||||
# 目标结点在 root 的左子树中
|
||||
elif cur.val > val:
|
||||
cur = cur.left
|
||||
# 找到目标结点,跳出循环
|
||||
else:
|
||||
break
|
||||
# 返回目标结点
|
||||
return cur
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
""" Driver Code """
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
def test_insert(tree: AVLTree, val: int):
|
||||
tree.insert(val)
|
||||
print("\n插入结点 {} 后,AVL 树为".format(val))
|
||||
print_tree(tree.root)
|
||||
|
||||
def test_remove(tree: AVLTree, val: int):
|
||||
tree.remove(val)
|
||||
print("\n删除结点 {} 后,AVL 树为".format(val))
|
||||
print_tree(tree.root)
|
||||
|
||||
# 初始化空 AVL 树
|
||||
avl_tree = AVLTree()
|
||||
|
||||
# 插入结点
|
||||
# 请关注插入结点后,AVL 树是如何保持平衡的
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 1)
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 2)
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 3)
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 4)
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 5)
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 8)
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 7)
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 9)
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 10)
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 6)
|
||||
|
||||
# 插入重复结点
|
||||
test_insert(avl_tree, 7)
|
||||
|
||||
# 删除结点
|
||||
# 请关注删除结点后,AVL 树是如何保持平衡的
|
||||
test_remove(avl_tree, 8) # 删除度为 0 的结点
|
||||
test_remove(avl_tree, 5) # 删除度为 1 的结点
|
||||
test_remove(avl_tree, 4) # 删除度为 2 的结点
|
||||
|
||||
result_node = avl_tree.search(7)
|
||||
print("\n查找到的结点对象为 {},结点值 = {}".format(result_node, result_node.val))
|
@ -1,10 +1,167 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: binary_search_tree.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-12-20
|
||||
Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
import typing
|
||||
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
from include import *
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
""" 二叉搜索树 """
|
||||
class BinarySearchTree:
|
||||
def __init__(self, nums: typing.List[int]) -> None:
|
||||
nums.sort()
|
||||
self.__root = self.build_tree(nums, 0, len(nums) - 1)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 构建二叉搜索树 """
|
||||
def build_tree(self, nums: typing.List[int], start_index: int, end_index: int) -> typing.Optional[TreeNode]:
|
||||
if start_index > end_index:
|
||||
return None
|
||||
|
||||
# 将数组中间结点作为根结点
|
||||
mid = (start_index + end_index) // 2
|
||||
root = TreeNode(nums[mid])
|
||||
# 递归建立左子树和右子树
|
||||
root.left = self.build_tree(nums=nums, start_index=start_index, end_index=mid - 1)
|
||||
root.right = self.build_tree(nums=nums, start_index=mid + 1, end_index=end_index)
|
||||
return root
|
||||
|
||||
@property
|
||||
def root(self) -> typing.Optional[TreeNode]:
|
||||
return self.__root
|
||||
|
||||
""" 查找结点 """
|
||||
def search(self, num: int) -> typing.Optional[TreeNode]:
|
||||
cur = self.root
|
||||
# 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
|
||||
while cur is not None:
|
||||
# 目标结点在 root 的右子树中
|
||||
if cur.val < num:
|
||||
cur = cur.right
|
||||
# 目标结点在 root 的左子树中
|
||||
elif cur.val > num:
|
||||
cur = cur.left
|
||||
# 找到目标结点,跳出循环
|
||||
else:
|
||||
break
|
||||
return cur
|
||||
|
||||
""" 插入结点 """
|
||||
def insert(self, num: int) -> typing.Optional[TreeNode]:
|
||||
root = self.root
|
||||
# 若树为空,直接提前返回
|
||||
if root is None:
|
||||
return None
|
||||
|
||||
cur = root
|
||||
pre = None
|
||||
|
||||
# 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
|
||||
while cur is not None:
|
||||
# 找到重复结点,直接返回
|
||||
if cur.val == num:
|
||||
return None
|
||||
pre = cur
|
||||
|
||||
if cur.val < num: # 插入位置在 root 的右子树中
|
||||
cur = cur.right
|
||||
else: # 插入位置在 root 的左子树中
|
||||
cur = cur.left
|
||||
|
||||
# 插入结点 val
|
||||
node = TreeNode(num)
|
||||
if pre.val < num:
|
||||
pre.right = node
|
||||
else:
|
||||
pre.left = node
|
||||
return node
|
||||
|
||||
""" 删除结点 """
|
||||
def remove(self, num: int) -> typing.Optional[TreeNode]:
|
||||
root = self.root
|
||||
# 若树为空,直接提前返回
|
||||
if root is None:
|
||||
return None
|
||||
|
||||
cur = root
|
||||
pre = None
|
||||
|
||||
# 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
|
||||
while cur is not None:
|
||||
# 找到待删除结点,跳出循环
|
||||
if cur.val == num:
|
||||
break
|
||||
pre = cur
|
||||
if cur.val < num: # 待删除结点在 root 的右子树中
|
||||
cur = cur.right
|
||||
else: # 待删除结点在 root 的左子树中
|
||||
cur = cur.left
|
||||
|
||||
# 若无待删除结点,则直接返回
|
||||
if cur is None:
|
||||
return None
|
||||
|
||||
# 子结点数量 = 0 or 1
|
||||
if cur.left is None or cur.right is None:
|
||||
# 当子结点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子结点
|
||||
child = cur.left or cur.right
|
||||
# 删除结点 cur
|
||||
if pre.left == cur:
|
||||
pre.left = child
|
||||
else:
|
||||
pre.right = child
|
||||
# 子结点数量 = 2
|
||||
else:
|
||||
# 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个结点
|
||||
nex = self.min(cur.right)
|
||||
tmp = nex.val
|
||||
# 递归删除结点 nex
|
||||
self.remove(nex.val)
|
||||
# 将 nex 的值复制给 cur
|
||||
cur.val = tmp
|
||||
return cur
|
||||
|
||||
""" 获取最小结点 """
|
||||
def min(self, root: typing.Optional[TreeNode]) -> typing.Optional[TreeNode]:
|
||||
if root is None:
|
||||
return root
|
||||
|
||||
# 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
|
||||
while root.left is not None:
|
||||
root = root.left
|
||||
return root
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
""" Driver Code """
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
# 初始化二叉搜索树
|
||||
nums = list(range(1, 16))
|
||||
bst = BinarySearchTree(nums=nums)
|
||||
print("\n初始化的二叉树为\n")
|
||||
print_tree(bst.root)
|
||||
|
||||
# 查找结点
|
||||
node = bst.search(5)
|
||||
print("\n查找到的结点对象为: {},结点值 = {}".format(node, node.val))
|
||||
|
||||
# 插入结点
|
||||
ndoe = bst.insert(16)
|
||||
print("\n插入结点 16 后,二叉树为\n")
|
||||
print_tree(bst.root)
|
||||
|
||||
# 删除结点
|
||||
bst.remove(1)
|
||||
print("\n删除结点 1 后,二叉树为\n")
|
||||
print_tree(bst.root)
|
||||
|
||||
bst.remove(2)
|
||||
print("\n删除结点 2 后,二叉树为\n")
|
||||
print_tree(bst.root)
|
||||
|
||||
bst.remove(4)
|
||||
print("\n删除结点 4 后,二叉树为\n")
|
||||
print_tree(bst.root)
|
||||
|
@ -1,10 +1,40 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: binary_tree.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-12-20
|
||||
Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
from include import *
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
""" Driver Code """
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
""" 初始化二叉树 """
|
||||
# 初始化节点
|
||||
n1 = TreeNode(val=1)
|
||||
n2 = TreeNode(val=2)
|
||||
n3 = TreeNode(val=3)
|
||||
n4 = TreeNode(val=4)
|
||||
n5 = TreeNode(val=5)
|
||||
# 构建引用指向(即指针)
|
||||
n1.left = n2
|
||||
n1.right = n3
|
||||
n2.left = n4
|
||||
n2.right = n5
|
||||
print("\n初始化二叉树\n")
|
||||
print_tree(n1)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 插入与删除结点 """
|
||||
P = TreeNode(0)
|
||||
# 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
||||
n1.left = P
|
||||
P.left = n2
|
||||
print("\n插入结点 P 后\n")
|
||||
print_tree(n1)
|
||||
# 删除结点
|
||||
n1.left = n2
|
||||
print("\n删除结点 P 后\n");
|
||||
print_tree(n1)
|
||||
|
@ -1,10 +1,42 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: binary_tree_bfs.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-12-20
|
||||
Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
import typing
|
||||
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
from include import *
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
""" 层序遍历 """
|
||||
def hier_order(root: TreeNode):
|
||||
# 初始化队列,加入根结点
|
||||
queue = collections.deque()
|
||||
queue.append(root)
|
||||
# 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
|
||||
res = []
|
||||
while queue:
|
||||
node = queue.popleft() # 队列出队
|
||||
res.append(node.val) # 保存节点值
|
||||
if node.left is not None:
|
||||
queue.append(node.left) # 左子结点入队
|
||||
if node.right is not None:
|
||||
queue.append(node.right) # 右子结点入队
|
||||
return res
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
""" Driver Code """
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
# 初始化二叉树
|
||||
# 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
|
||||
root = list_to_tree(arr=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None])
|
||||
print("\n初始化二叉树\n")
|
||||
print_tree(root)
|
||||
|
||||
# 层序遍历
|
||||
res = hier_order(root)
|
||||
print("\n层序遍历的结点打印序列 = ", res)
|
||||
assert res == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
|
||||
|
@ -1,10 +1,68 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: binary_tree_dfs.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-11-25
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
Created Time: 2022-12-20
|
||||
Author: a16su (lpluls001@gmail.com)
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys, os.path as osp
|
||||
import typing
|
||||
|
||||
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
|
||||
from include import *
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
res = []
|
||||
|
||||
""" 前序遍历 """
|
||||
def pre_order(root: typing.Optional[TreeNode]):
|
||||
if root is None:
|
||||
return
|
||||
# 访问优先级:根结点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
|
||||
res.append(root.val)
|
||||
pre_order(root=root.left)
|
||||
pre_order(root=root.right)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 中序遍历 """
|
||||
def in_order(root: typing.Optional[TreeNode]):
|
||||
if root is None:
|
||||
return
|
||||
# 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根结点 -> 右子树
|
||||
in_order(root=root.left)
|
||||
res.append(root.val)
|
||||
in_order(root=root.right)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 后序遍历 """
|
||||
def post_order(root: typing.Optional[TreeNode]):
|
||||
if root is None:
|
||||
return
|
||||
# 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根结点
|
||||
post_order(root=root.left)
|
||||
post_order(root=root.right)
|
||||
res.append(root.val)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
""" Driver Code """
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
# 初始化二叉树
|
||||
# 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
|
||||
root = list_to_tree(arr=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None])
|
||||
print("\n初始化二叉树\n")
|
||||
print_tree(root)
|
||||
|
||||
# 前序遍历
|
||||
res.clear()
|
||||
pre_order(root)
|
||||
print("\n前序遍历的结点打印序列 = ", res)
|
||||
assert res == [1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6, 7]
|
||||
|
||||
# 中序遍历
|
||||
res.clear()
|
||||
in_order(root)
|
||||
print("\n中序遍历的结点打印序列 = ", res)
|
||||
assert res == [4, 2, 5, 1, 6, 3, 7]
|
||||
|
||||
# 后序遍历
|
||||
res.clear()
|
||||
post_order(root)
|
||||
print("\n后序遍历的结点打印序列 = ", res)
|
||||
assert res == [4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1]
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: binary_tree.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2021-12-11
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import collections
|
||||
|
||||
@ -10,9 +10,19 @@ class TreeNode:
|
||||
"""Definition for a binary tree node
|
||||
"""
|
||||
def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
|
||||
self.val = val
|
||||
self.left = left
|
||||
self.right = right
|
||||
self.val = val # 结点值
|
||||
self.height = 0 # 结点高度
|
||||
self.left = left # 左子结点引用
|
||||
self.right = right # 右子结点引用
|
||||
|
||||
def __str__(self):
|
||||
val = self.val
|
||||
left_node_val = self.left.val if self.left else None
|
||||
right_node_val = self.right.val if self.right else None
|
||||
return "<TreeNode: {}, leftTreeNode: {}, rightTreeNode: {}>".format(val, left_node_val, right_node_val)
|
||||
|
||||
__repr__ = __str__
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def list_to_tree(arr):
|
||||
"""Generate a binary tree with a list
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: linked_list.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2021-12-11
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
class ListNode:
|
||||
"""Definition for a singly-linked list node
|
||||
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
File: print_util.py
|
||||
Created Time: 2021-12-11
|
||||
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com), msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import copy
|
||||
import queue
|
||||
|
@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* File: time_complexity.swift
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-26
|
||||
* Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
// 常数阶
|
||||
func constant(n: Int) -> Int {
|
||||
var count = 0
|
||||
let size = 100_000
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..< size {
|
||||
count += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 线性阶
|
||||
func linear(n: Int) -> Int {
|
||||
var count = 0
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..< n {
|
||||
count += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 线性阶(遍历数组)
|
||||
func arrayTraversal(nums: [Int]) -> Int {
|
||||
var count = 0
|
||||
// 循环次数与数组长度成正比
|
||||
for _ in nums {
|
||||
count += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 平方阶
|
||||
func quadratic(n: Int) -> Int {
|
||||
var count = 0
|
||||
// 循环次数与数组长度成平方关系
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..< n {
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..< n {
|
||||
count += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 平方阶(冒泡排序)
|
||||
func bubbleSort(nums: inout [Int]) -> Int {
|
||||
var count = 0 // 计数器
|
||||
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
|
||||
for i in sequence(first: nums.count - 1, next: { $0 > 0 ? $0 - 1 : nil }) {
|
||||
// 内循环:冒泡操作
|
||||
for j in 0 ..< i {
|
||||
if nums[j] > nums[j + 1] {
|
||||
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
|
||||
let tmp = nums[j]
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1]
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = tmp
|
||||
count += 3 // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 指数阶(循环实现)
|
||||
func exponential(n: Int) -> Int {
|
||||
var count = 0
|
||||
var base = 1
|
||||
// cell 每轮一分为二,形成数列 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2^(n-1)
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..< n {
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..< base {
|
||||
count += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
base *= 2
|
||||
}
|
||||
// count = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .. + 2^(n-1) = 2^n - 1
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 指数阶(递归实现)
|
||||
func expRecur(n: Int) -> Int {
|
||||
if n == 1 {
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
return expRecur(n: n - 1) + expRecur(n: n - 1) + 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 对数阶(循环实现)
|
||||
func logarithmic(n: Int) -> Int {
|
||||
var count = 0
|
||||
var n = n
|
||||
while n > 1 {
|
||||
n = n / 2
|
||||
count += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 对数阶(递归实现)
|
||||
func logRecur(n: Int) -> Int {
|
||||
if n <= 1 {
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
return logRecur(n: n / 2) + 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 线性对数阶
|
||||
func linearLogRecur(n: Double) -> Int {
|
||||
if n <= 1 {
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
var count = linearLogRecur(n: n / 2) + linearLogRecur(n: n / 2)
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..< Int(n) {
|
||||
count += 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 阶乘阶(递归实现)
|
||||
func factorialRecur(n: Int) -> Int {
|
||||
if n == 0 {
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
var count = 0
|
||||
// 从 1 个分裂出 n 个
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..< n {
|
||||
count += factorialRecur(n: n - 1)
|
||||
}
|
||||
return count
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
// 可以修改 n 运行,体会一下各种复杂度的操作数量变化趋势
|
||||
let n = 8
|
||||
print("输入数据大小 n =", n)
|
||||
|
||||
var count = constant(n: n)
|
||||
print("常数阶的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
|
||||
count = linear(n: n)
|
||||
print("线性阶的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
count = arrayTraversal(nums: Array(repeating: 0, count: n))
|
||||
print("线性阶(遍历数组)的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
|
||||
count = quadratic(n: n)
|
||||
print("平方阶的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
var nums = Array(sequence(first: n, next: { $0 > 0 ? $0 - 1 : nil })) // [n,n-1,...,2,1]
|
||||
count = bubbleSort(nums: &nums)
|
||||
print("平方阶(冒泡排序)的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
|
||||
count = exponential(n: n)
|
||||
print("指数阶(循环实现)的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
count = expRecur(n: n)
|
||||
print("指数阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
|
||||
count = logarithmic(n: n)
|
||||
print("对数阶(循环实现)的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
count = logRecur(n: n)
|
||||
print("对数阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
|
||||
count = linearLogRecur(n: Double(n))
|
||||
print("线性对数阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
|
||||
count = factorialRecur(n: n)
|
||||
print("阶乘阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 =", count)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main()
|
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* File: worst_best_time_complexity.swift
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-26
|
||||
* Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
// 生成一个数组,元素为 { 1, 2, ..., n },顺序被打乱
|
||||
func randomNumbers(n: Int) -> [Int] {
|
||||
// 生成数组 nums = { 1, 2, 3, ..., n }
|
||||
var nums = Array(1 ... n)
|
||||
// 随机打乱数组元素
|
||||
nums.shuffle()
|
||||
return nums
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// 查找数组 nums 中数字 1 所在索引
|
||||
func findOne(nums: [Int]) -> Int {
|
||||
for i in nums.indices {
|
||||
if nums[i] == 1 {
|
||||
return i
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return -1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Driver Code
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
for _ in 0 ..< 10 {
|
||||
let n = 100
|
||||
let nums = randomNumbers(n: n)
|
||||
let index = findOne(nums: nums)
|
||||
print("数组 [ 1, 2, ..., n ] 被打乱后 =", nums)
|
||||
print("数字 1 的索引为", index)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main()
|
136
codes/typescript/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.ts
Normal file
136
codes/typescript/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.ts
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* File: array_hash_map.ts
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-20
|
||||
* Author: Daniel (better.sunjian@gmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
/* 键值对 Number -> String */
|
||||
class Entry {
|
||||
public key: number;
|
||||
public val: string;
|
||||
|
||||
constructor(key: number, val: string) {
|
||||
this.key = key;
|
||||
this.val = val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
|
||||
class ArrayHashMap {
|
||||
|
||||
private readonly bucket: (Entry | null)[];
|
||||
|
||||
constructor() {
|
||||
// 初始化一个长度为 100 的桶(数组)
|
||||
this.bucket = (new Array(100)).fill(null);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 哈希函数 */
|
||||
private hashFunc(key: number): number {
|
||||
return key % 100;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
public get(key: number): string | null {
|
||||
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
|
||||
let entry = this.bucket[index];
|
||||
if (entry === null) return null;
|
||||
return entry.val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
public set(key: number, val: string) {
|
||||
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
|
||||
this.bucket[index] = new Entry(key, val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
public delete(key: number) {
|
||||
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
|
||||
// 置为 null ,代表删除
|
||||
this.bucket[index] = null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取所有键值对 */
|
||||
public entries(): (Entry | null)[] {
|
||||
let arr: (Entry | null)[] = [];
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < this.bucket.length; i++) {
|
||||
if (this.bucket[i]) {
|
||||
arr.push(this.bucket[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return arr;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取所有键 */
|
||||
public keys(): (number | undefined)[] {
|
||||
let arr: (number | undefined)[] = [];
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < this.bucket.length; i++) {
|
||||
if (this.bucket[i]) {
|
||||
arr.push(this.bucket[i]?.key);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return arr;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取所有值 */
|
||||
public values(): (string | undefined)[] {
|
||||
let arr: (string | undefined)[] = [];
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < this.bucket.length; i++) {
|
||||
if (this.bucket[i]) {
|
||||
arr.push(this.bucket[i]?.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return arr;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
||||
public print() {
|
||||
let entrySet = this.entries();
|
||||
for (const entry of entrySet) {
|
||||
if (!entry) continue;
|
||||
console.info(`${entry.key} -> ${entry.val}`);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||||
const map = new ArrayHashMap();
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.set(12836, '小哈');
|
||||
map.set(15937, '小啰');
|
||||
map.set(16750, '小算');
|
||||
map.set(13276, '小法');
|
||||
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
|
||||
console.info('\n添加完成后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||||
map.print();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||||
let name = map.get(15937);
|
||||
console.info('\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 ' + name);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.delete(10583);
|
||||
console.info('\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||||
map.print();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||||
console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
|
||||
for (const entry of map.entries()) {
|
||||
if (!entry) continue;
|
||||
console.info(entry.key + ' -> ' + entry.val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
|
||||
for (const key of map.keys()) {
|
||||
console.info(key);
|
||||
}
|
||||
console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
|
||||
for (const val of map.values()) {
|
||||
console.info(val);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export {};
|
44
codes/typescript/chapter_hashing/hash_map.ts
Normal file
44
codes/typescript/chapter_hashing/hash_map.ts
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* File: hash_map.ts
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-20
|
||||
* Author: Daniel (better.sunjian@gmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
/* 初始化哈希表 */
|
||||
const map = new Map<number, string>();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 添加操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.set(12836, '小哈');
|
||||
map.set(15937, '小啰');
|
||||
map.set(16750, '小算');
|
||||
map.set(13276, '小法');
|
||||
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
|
||||
console.info('\n添加完成后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||||
console.info(map);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 查询操作 */
|
||||
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||||
let name = map.get(15937);
|
||||
console.info('\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 ' + name);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除操作 */
|
||||
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
map.delete(10583);
|
||||
console.info('\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
|
||||
console.info(map);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 遍历哈希表 */
|
||||
console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
|
||||
for (const [k, v] of map.entries()) {
|
||||
console.info(k + ' -> ' + v);
|
||||
}
|
||||
console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
|
||||
for (const k of map.keys()) {
|
||||
console.info(k);
|
||||
}
|
||||
console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
|
||||
for (const v of map.values()) {
|
||||
console.info(v);
|
||||
}
|
54
codes/typescript/chapter_searching/binary_search.ts
Normal file
54
codes/typescript/chapter_searching/binary_search.ts
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* File: binary_search.ts
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-27
|
||||
* Author: Daniel (better.sunjian@gmail.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
|
||||
const binarySearch = function (nums: number[], target: number): number {
|
||||
// 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素
|
||||
let i = 0, j = nums.length - 1;
|
||||
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i > j 时为空)
|
||||
while (i <= j) {
|
||||
const m = Math.floor(i + (j - i) / 2); // 计算中点索引 m
|
||||
if (nums[m] < target) { // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j] 中
|
||||
i = m + 1;
|
||||
} else if (nums[m] > target) { // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m-1] 中
|
||||
j = m - 1;
|
||||
} else { // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
|
||||
return m;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return -1; // 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
|
||||
const binarySearch1 = function (nums: number[], target: number): number {
|
||||
// 初始化左闭右开 [0, n) ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1
|
||||
let i = 0, j = nums.length;
|
||||
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i = j 时为空)
|
||||
while (i < j) {
|
||||
const m = Math.floor(i + (j - i) / 2); // 计算中点索引 m
|
||||
if (nums[m] < target) { // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j] 中
|
||||
i = m + 1;
|
||||
} else if (nums[m] > target) { // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m] 中
|
||||
j = m;
|
||||
} else { // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
|
||||
return m;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return -1; // 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/* Driver Code */
|
||||
const target = 6;
|
||||
const nums = [ 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 23, 67, 70, 92 ];
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
|
||||
let index = binarySearch(nums, target);
|
||||
console.info('目标元素 6 的索引 = %d', index);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
|
||||
index = binarySearch1(nums, target);
|
||||
console.info('目标元素 6 的索引 = %d', index);
|
@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ function merge(nums: number[], left: number, mid: number, right: number): void {
|
||||
let i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
|
||||
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
|
||||
for (let k = left; k <= right; k++) {
|
||||
// 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
if (i > leftEnd) {
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
// 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” 或 “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
|
||||
} else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j]) {
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[i++];
|
||||
// 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
// 否则,若“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -57,13 +57,6 @@ class ArrayQueue {
|
||||
return this.queue[this.front];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问指定索引元素 */
|
||||
get(index: number): number {
|
||||
if (index >= this.size)
|
||||
throw new Error("索引越界");
|
||||
return this.queue[(this.front + index) % this.capacity];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 返回 Array */
|
||||
toArray(): number[] {
|
||||
const siz = this.size;
|
||||
@ -94,10 +87,6 @@ console.log(queue.toArray());
|
||||
const peek = queue.peek();
|
||||
console.log("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问指定索引元素 */
|
||||
const num = queue.get(2);
|
||||
console.log("队列第 3 个元素为 num = " + num);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出队 */
|
||||
const poll = queue.poll();
|
||||
console.log("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = ");
|
||||
|
@ -41,13 +41,6 @@ class ArrayStack {
|
||||
return this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
|
||||
get(index: number): number | undefined {
|
||||
if (index >= this.size)
|
||||
throw new Error('索引越界');
|
||||
return this.stack[index];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 返回 Array */
|
||||
toArray() {
|
||||
return this.stack;
|
||||
@ -73,10 +66,6 @@ console.log(stack.toArray());
|
||||
const top = stack.top();
|
||||
console.log("栈顶元素 top = " + top);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
|
||||
const num = stack.get(3);
|
||||
console.log("栈索引 3 处的元素为 num = " + num);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出栈 */
|
||||
const pop = stack.pop();
|
||||
console.log("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = ");
|
||||
|
91
codes/typescript/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.ts
Normal file
91
codes/typescript/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.ts
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* File: linkedlist_stack.ts
|
||||
* Created Time: 2022-12-21
|
||||
* Author: S-N-O-R-L-A-X (snorlax.xu@outlook.com)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
import ListNode from "../module/ListNode"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
|
||||
class LinkedListStack {
|
||||
private stackPeek: ListNode | null; // 将头结点作为栈顶
|
||||
private stkSize: number = 0; // 栈的长度
|
||||
|
||||
constructor() {
|
||||
this.stackPeek = null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取栈的长度 */
|
||||
get size(): number {
|
||||
return this.stkSize;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
|
||||
isEmpty(): boolean {
|
||||
return this.size == 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 入栈 */
|
||||
push(num: number): void {
|
||||
const node = new ListNode(num);
|
||||
node.next = this.stackPeek;
|
||||
this.stackPeek = node;
|
||||
this.stkSize++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 出栈 */
|
||||
pop(): number {
|
||||
const num = this.peek();
|
||||
if (!this.stackPeek)
|
||||
throw new Error("栈为空");
|
||||
this.stackPeek = this.stackPeek.next;
|
||||
this.stkSize--;
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
peek(): number {
|
||||
if (!this.stackPeek)
|
||||
throw new Error("栈为空");
|
||||
return this.stackPeek.val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
||||
toArray(): number[] {
|
||||
let node = this.stackPeek;
|
||||
const res = new Array<number>(this.size);
|
||||
for (let i = res.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
|
||||
res[i] = node!.val;
|
||||
node = node!.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return res;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/* 初始化栈 */
|
||||
const stack = new LinkedListStack();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素入栈 */
|
||||
stack.push(1);
|
||||
stack.push(3);
|
||||
stack.push(2);
|
||||
stack.push(5);
|
||||
stack.push(4);
|
||||
console.log("栈 stack = " + stack.toArray());
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
|
||||
const peek = stack.peek();
|
||||
console.log("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 元素出栈 */
|
||||
const pop = stack.pop();
|
||||
console.log("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + stack.toArray());
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取栈的长度 */
|
||||
const size = stack.size;
|
||||
console.log("栈的长度 size = " + size);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 判断是否为空 */
|
||||
const isEmpty = stack.isEmpty();
|
||||
console.log("栈是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
|
@ -75,9 +75,6 @@ comments: true
|
||||
/* 初始化数组 */
|
||||
int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
|
||||
int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
|
||||
|
||||
var arr2=new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
|
||||
var nums2=new int[]{1,2,3,4,5};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 数组优点
|
||||
@ -314,7 +311,7 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**数组中插入或删除元素效率低下。** 假设我们想要在数组中间某位置插入一个元素,由于数组元素在内存中是 “紧挨着的” ,它们之间没有空间再放任何数据。因此,我们不得不将此索引之后的所有元素都向后移动一位,然后再把元素赋值给该索引。删除元素也是类似,需要把此索引之后的元素都向前移动一位。总体看有以下缺点:
|
||||
**数组中插入或删除元素效率低下。** 假设我们想要在数组中间某位置插入一个元素,由于数组元素在内存中是“紧挨着的”,它们之间没有空间再放任何数据。因此,我们不得不将此索引之后的所有元素都向后移动一位,然后再把元素赋值给该索引。删除元素也是类似,需要把此索引之后的元素都向前移动一位。总体看有以下缺点:
|
||||
|
||||
- **时间复杂度高:** 数组的插入和删除的平均时间复杂度均为 $O(N)$ ,其中 $N$ 为数组长度。
|
||||
- **丢失元素:** 由于数组的长度不可变,因此在插入元素后,超出数组长度范围的元素会被丢失。
|
||||
@ -712,6 +709,6 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
|
||||
|
||||
**随机访问。** 如果我们想要随机抽取一些样本,那么可以用数组存储,并生成一个随机序列,根据索引实现样本的随机抽取。
|
||||
|
||||
**二分查找。** 例如前文查字典的例子,我们可以将字典中的所有字按照拼音顺序存储在数组中,然后使用与日常查纸质字典相同的 “翻开中间,排除一半” 的方式,来实现一个查电子字典的算法。
|
||||
**二分查找。** 例如前文查字典的例子,我们可以将字典中的所有字按照拼音顺序存储在数组中,然后使用与日常查纸质字典相同的“翻开中间,排除一半”的方式,来实现一个查电子字典的算法。
|
||||
|
||||
**深度学习。** 神经网络中大量使用了向量、矩阵、张量之间的线性代数运算,这些数据都是以数组的形式构建的。数组是神经网络编程中最常使用的数据结构。
|
||||
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title=""
|
||||
// 链表结点类
|
||||
/* 链表结点类 */
|
||||
class ListNode
|
||||
{
|
||||
int val; // 结点值
|
||||
@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title=""
|
||||
// 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4
|
||||
// 初始化各结点
|
||||
n0 = new ListNode(1);
|
||||
n1 = new ListNode(3);
|
||||
n2 = new ListNode(2);
|
||||
n3 = new ListNode(5);
|
||||
n4 = new ListNode(4);
|
||||
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
|
||||
// 初始化各个结点
|
||||
ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
|
||||
ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
|
||||
ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
|
||||
ListNode n3 = new ListNode(5);
|
||||
ListNode n4 = new ListNode(4);
|
||||
// 构建引用指向
|
||||
n0.next = n1;
|
||||
n1.next = n2;
|
||||
@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
int val; // 结点值
|
||||
ListNode *next; // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
|
||||
ListNode *prev; // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
|
||||
ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
|
||||
ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr), prev(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -644,8 +644,8 @@ comments: true
|
||||
prev;
|
||||
constructor(val, next) {
|
||||
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 结点值
|
||||
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继结点的引用
|
||||
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱结点的引用
|
||||
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
|
||||
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
@ -660,8 +660,8 @@ comments: true
|
||||
prev: ListNode | null;
|
||||
constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null, prev?: ListNode | null) {
|
||||
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 结点值
|
||||
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继结点的引用
|
||||
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱结点的引用
|
||||
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
|
||||
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱结点的指针(引用)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title=""
|
||||
// 双向链表结点类
|
||||
/* 双向链表结点类 */
|
||||
class ListNode {
|
||||
int val; // 结点值
|
||||
ListNode next; // 指向后继结点的指针(引用)
|
||||
|
@ -10,13 +10,15 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
## 列表常用操作
|
||||
|
||||
**初始化列表。** 我们通常使用 `Integer[]` 包装类和 `Arrays.asList()` 作为中转,来初始化一个带有初始值的列表。
|
||||
**初始化列表。** 我们通常会使用到“无初始值”和“有初始值”的两种初始化方法。
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Java"
|
||||
|
||||
```java title="list.java"
|
||||
/* 初始化列表 */
|
||||
// 注意数组的元素类型是 int[] 的包装类 Integer[]
|
||||
// 无初始值
|
||||
List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<>();
|
||||
// 有初始值(注意数组的元素类型需为 int[] 的包装类 Integer[])
|
||||
Integer[] numbers = new Integer[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
|
||||
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(numbers));
|
||||
```
|
||||
@ -25,6 +27,10 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp title="list.cpp"
|
||||
/* 初始化列表 */
|
||||
// 需注意,C++ 中 vector 即是本文描述的 list
|
||||
// 无初始值
|
||||
vector<int> list1;
|
||||
// 有初始值
|
||||
vector<int> list = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -32,6 +38,9 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
```python title="list.py"
|
||||
""" 初始化列表 """
|
||||
# 无初始值
|
||||
list1 = []
|
||||
# 有初始值
|
||||
list = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -39,6 +48,9 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
```go title="list_test.go"
|
||||
/* 初始化列表 */
|
||||
// 无初始值
|
||||
list1 := []int
|
||||
// 有初始值
|
||||
list := []int{1, 3, 2, 5, 4}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -46,6 +58,9 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
```js title="list.js"
|
||||
/* 初始化列表 */
|
||||
// 无初始值
|
||||
const list1 = [];
|
||||
// 有初始值
|
||||
const list = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -53,6 +68,9 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
||||
/* 初始化列表 */
|
||||
// 无初始值
|
||||
const list1: number[] = [];
|
||||
// 有初始值
|
||||
const list: number[] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -65,7 +83,12 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 初始化列表 */
|
||||
// 无初始值
|
||||
List<int> list1 = new ();
|
||||
// 有初始值(注意数组的元素类型需为 int[] 的包装类 Integer[])
|
||||
int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
|
||||
List<int> list = numbers.ToList();
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**访问与更新元素。** 列表的底层数据结构是数组,因此可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内访问与更新元素,效率很高。
|
||||
@ -114,20 +137,20 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
```js title="list.js"
|
||||
/* 访问元素 */
|
||||
const num = list[1];
|
||||
const num = list[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
|
||||
|
||||
/* 更新元素 */
|
||||
list[1] = 0;
|
||||
list[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
||||
/* 访问元素 */
|
||||
const num: number = list[1];
|
||||
const num: number = list[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
|
||||
|
||||
/* 更新元素 */
|
||||
list[1] = 0;
|
||||
list[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
@ -139,7 +162,11 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
||||
/* 访问元素 */
|
||||
int num = list[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
|
||||
|
||||
/* 更新元素 */
|
||||
list[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**在列表中添加、插入、删除元素。** 相对于数组,列表可以自由地添加与删除元素。在列表尾部添加元素的时间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ,但是插入与删除元素的效率仍与数组一样低,时间复杂度为 $O(N)$ 。
|
||||
@ -273,7 +300,21 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
||||
/* 清空列表 */
|
||||
list.Clear();
|
||||
|
||||
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
||||
list.Add(1);
|
||||
list.Add(3);
|
||||
list.Add(2);
|
||||
list.Add(5);
|
||||
list.Add(4);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
||||
list.Insert(3, 6);
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除元素 */
|
||||
list.RemoveAt(3);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**遍历列表。** 与数组一样,列表可以使用索引遍历,也可以使用 `for-each` 直接遍历。
|
||||
@ -335,9 +376,9 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
||||
count = 0
|
||||
for range list {
|
||||
count++
|
||||
}
|
||||
for range list {
|
||||
count++
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "JavaScript"
|
||||
@ -381,7 +422,19 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
||||
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
||||
int count = 0;
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < list.Count(); i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
||||
count = 0;
|
||||
foreach (int n in list)
|
||||
{
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**拼接两个列表。** 再创建一个新列表 `list1` ,我们可以将其中一个列表拼接到另一个的尾部。
|
||||
@ -424,7 +477,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
```js title="list.js"
|
||||
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
||||
const list1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
|
||||
list.push(...list1);
|
||||
list.push(...list1); // 将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
@ -432,7 +485,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
||||
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
||||
const list1: number[] = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
|
||||
list.push(...list1);
|
||||
list.push(...list1); // 将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
@ -444,7 +497,9 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
||||
List<int> list1 = new() { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 };
|
||||
list.AddRange(list1); // 将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**排序列表。** 排序也是常用的方法之一,完成列表排序后,我们就可以使用在数组类算法题中经常考察的「二分查找」和「双指针」算法了。
|
||||
@ -481,7 +536,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
```js title="list.js"
|
||||
/* 排序列表 */
|
||||
list.sort((a, b) => a - b);
|
||||
list.sort((a, b) => a - b); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "TypeScript"
|
||||
@ -500,7 +555,8 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 排序列表 */
|
||||
list.Sort(); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 列表简易实现 *
|
||||
@ -1066,5 +1122,101 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="my_list.cs"
|
||||
class MyList
|
||||
{
|
||||
private int[] nums; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
||||
private int capacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
||||
private int size = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
||||
private int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
||||
|
||||
/* 构造函数 */
|
||||
public MyList()
|
||||
{
|
||||
nums = new int[capacity];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
||||
public int Size()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return size;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
||||
public int Capacity()
|
||||
{
|
||||
return capacity;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 访问元素 */
|
||||
public int Get(int index)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
||||
if (index >= size)
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
||||
return nums[index];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 更新元素 */
|
||||
public void Set(int index, int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (index >= size)
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
||||
nums[index] = num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
||||
public void Add(int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
||||
if (size == Capacity())
|
||||
ExtendCapacity();
|
||||
nums[size] = num;
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
size++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
||||
public void Insert(int index, int num)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (index >= size)
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
||||
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
||||
if (size == Capacity())
|
||||
ExtendCapacity();
|
||||
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
||||
for (int j = size - 1; j >= index; j--)
|
||||
{
|
||||
nums[j + 1] = nums[j];
|
||||
}
|
||||
nums[index] = num;
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
size++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 删除元素 */
|
||||
public int Remove(int index)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (index >= size)
|
||||
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
||||
int num = nums[index];
|
||||
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
||||
for (int j = index; j < size - 1; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 更新元素数量
|
||||
size--;
|
||||
// 返回被删除元素
|
||||
return num;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 列表扩容 */
|
||||
public void ExtendCapacity()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 新建一个长度为 size 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
||||
System.Array.Resize(ref nums, Capacity() * extendRatio);
|
||||
// 更新列表容量
|
||||
capacity = nums.Length;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
- **时间效率** ,即算法的运行速度的快慢。
|
||||
- **空间效率** ,即算法占用的内存空间大小。
|
||||
|
||||
数据结构与算法追求 “运行得快、内存占用少” ,而如何去评价算法效率则是非常重要的问题,因为只有知道如何评价算法,才能去做算法之间的对比分析,以及优化算法设计。
|
||||
数据结构与算法追求“运行得快、内存占用少”,而如何去评价算法效率则是非常重要的问题,因为只有知道如何评价算法,才能去做算法之间的对比分析,以及优化算法设计。
|
||||
|
||||
## 效率评估方法
|
||||
|
||||
@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
## 复杂度分析的重要性
|
||||
|
||||
复杂度分析给出一把评价算法效率的 “标尺” ,告诉我们执行某个算法需要多少时间和空间资源,也让我们可以开展不同算法之间的效率对比。
|
||||
复杂度分析给出一把评价算法效率的“标尺”,告诉我们执行某个算法需要多少时间和空间资源,也让我们可以开展不同算法之间的效率对比。
|
||||
|
||||
计算复杂度是个数学概念,对于初学者可能比较抽象,学习难度相对较高。从这个角度出发,其并不适合作为第一章内容。但是,当我们讨论某个数据结构或者算法的特点时,难以避免需要分析它的运行速度和空间使用情况。**因此,在展开学习数据结构与算法之前,建议读者先对计算复杂度建立起初步的了解,并且能够完成简单案例的复杂度分析**。
|
||||
|
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
Node(int x) { val = x; }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 函数(或称方法) */
|
||||
/* 函数 */
|
||||
int function() {
|
||||
// do something...
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
Node(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr) {}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
/* 函数(或称方法) */
|
||||
/* 函数 */
|
||||
int func() {
|
||||
// do something...
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
self.val = x # 结点值
|
||||
self.next = None # 指向下一结点的指针(引用)
|
||||
|
||||
""" 函数(或称方法) """
|
||||
""" 函数 """
|
||||
def function():
|
||||
# do something...
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
return &Node{val: val}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 函数(或称方法)*/
|
||||
/* 函数 */
|
||||
func function() int {
|
||||
// do something...
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
@ -149,14 +149,36 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title=""
|
||||
/* 类 */
|
||||
class Node
|
||||
{
|
||||
int val;
|
||||
Node next;
|
||||
Node(int x) { val = x; }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* 函数 */
|
||||
int function()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// do something...
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int algorithm(int n) // 输入数据
|
||||
{
|
||||
int a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
|
||||
int b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
|
||||
Node node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
|
||||
int c = function(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
|
||||
return a + b + c; // 输出数据
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 推算方法
|
||||
|
||||
空间复杂度的推算方法和时间复杂度总体类似,只是从统计 “计算操作数量” 变为统计 “使用空间大小” 。与时间复杂度不同的是,**我们一般只关注「最差空间复杂度」**。这是因为内存空间是一个硬性要求,我们必须保证在所有输入数据下都有足够的内存空间预留。
|
||||
空间复杂度的推算方法和时间复杂度总体类似,只是从统计“计算操作数量”变为统计“使用空间大小”。与时间复杂度不同的是,**我们一般只关注「最差空间复杂度」**。这是因为内存空间是一个硬性要求,我们必须保证在所有输入数据下都有足够的内存空间预留。
|
||||
|
||||
**最差空间复杂度中的 “最差” 有两层含义**,分别为输入数据的最差分布、算法运行中的最差时间点。
|
||||
**最差空间复杂度中的“最差”有两层含义**,分别为输入数据的最差分布、算法运行中的最差时间点。
|
||||
|
||||
- **以最差输入数据为准。** 当 $n < 10$ 时,空间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ;但是当 $n > 10$ 时,初始化的数组 `nums` 使用 $O(n)$ 空间;因此最差空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ;
|
||||
- **以算法运行过程中的峰值内存为准。** 程序在执行最后一行之前,使用 $O(1)$ 空间;当初始化数组 `nums` 时,程序使用 $O(n)$ 空间;因此最差空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ;
|
||||
@ -228,7 +250,15 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title=""
|
||||
|
||||
void algorithm(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int a = 0; // O(1)
|
||||
int[] b = new int[10000]; // O(1)
|
||||
if (n > 10)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[n]; // O(n)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**在递归函数中,需要注意统计栈帧空间。** 例如函数 `loop()`,在循环中调用了 $n$ 次 `function()` ,每轮中的 `function()` 都返回并释放了栈帧空间,因此空间复杂度仍为 $O(1)$ 。而递归函数 `recur()` 在运行中会同时存在 $n$ 个未返回的 `recur()` ,从而使用 $O(n)$ 的栈帧空间。
|
||||
@ -330,13 +360,31 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "C"
|
||||
|
||||
```c title=""
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title=""
|
||||
|
||||
int function()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// do something
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
||||
void loop(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
function();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
||||
int recur(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (n == 1) return 1;
|
||||
return recur(n - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 常见类型
|
||||
@ -467,7 +515,25 @@ $$
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 常数阶 */
|
||||
void constant(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
||||
int a = 0;
|
||||
int b = 0;
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[10000];
|
||||
ListNode node = new ListNode(0);
|
||||
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
int c = 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
function();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 线性阶 $O(n)$
|
||||
@ -540,7 +606,7 @@ $$
|
||||
nodes = append(nodes, newNode(i))
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
||||
m := make(map[int]string, n)
|
||||
m := make(map[int]string, n)
|
||||
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
|
||||
m[i] = strconv.Itoa(i)
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -568,7 +634,24 @@ $$
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性阶 */
|
||||
void linear(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
||||
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
||||
List<ListNode> nodes = new();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
nodes.Add(new ListNode(i));
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
||||
Dictionary<int, String> map = new();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
map.Add(i, i.ToString());
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
以下递归函数会同时存在 $n$ 个未返回的 `algorithm()` 函数,使用 $O(n)$ 大小的栈帧空间。
|
||||
@ -639,7 +722,13 @@ $$
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
||||
void linearRecur(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("递归 n = " + n);
|
||||
if (n == 1) return;
|
||||
linearRecur(n - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![space_complexity_recursive_linear](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_recursive_linear.png)
|
||||
@ -729,6 +818,23 @@ $$
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||||
/* 平方阶 */
|
||||
void quadratic(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
||||
int[,] numMatrix = new int[n, n];
|
||||
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
||||
List<List<int>> numList = new();
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
List<int> tmp = new();
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
tmp.Add(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
numList.Add(tmp);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -777,8 +883,8 @@ $$
|
||||
if n <= 0 {
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
// 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1
|
||||
nums := make([]int, n)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("递归 n = %d 中的 nums 长度 = %d \n", n, len(nums))
|
||||
return spaceQuadraticRecur(n - 1)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
@ -804,6 +910,14 @@ $$
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||||
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
||||
int quadraticRecur(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (n <= 0) return 0;
|
||||
// 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1
|
||||
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
||||
return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -889,7 +1003,15 @@ $$
|
||||
=== "C#"
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
||||
|
||||
/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
|
||||
TreeNode? buildTree(int n)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (n == 0) return null;
|
||||
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(0);
|
||||
root.left = buildTree(n - 1);
|
||||
root.right = buildTree(n - 1);
|
||||
return root;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![space_complexity_exponential](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_exponential.png)
|
||||
|
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user