Review Swift codes (#1150)

* feat(swift): review for chapter_computational_complexity

* feat(swift): review for chapter_data_structure

* feat(swift): review for chapter_array_and_linkedlist

* feat(swift): review for chapter_stack_and_queue

* feat(swift): review for chapter_hashing

* feat(swift): review for chapter_tree

* feat(swift): add codes for heap article

* feat(swift): review for chapter_heap

* feat(swift): review for chapter_graph

* feat(swift): review for chapter_searching

* feat(swift): review for chapter_sorting

* feat(swift): review for chapter_divide_and_conquer

* feat(swift): review for chapter_backtracking

* feat(swift): review for chapter_dynamic_programming

* feat(swift): review for chapter_greedy

* feat(swift): review for utils

* feat(swift): update ci tool

* feat(swift): trailing closure

* feat(swift): array init

* feat(swift): map index

.github/workflows/swift.yml

@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
-        swift: ["5.9", "5.8.1", "5.7.3"]
+        swift: ["5.10", "5.9", "5.8"]
     steps:
-      - uses: swift-actions/setup-swift@v1
+      - uses: swift-actions/setup-swift@v2
         with:
           swift-version: ${{ matrix.swift }}
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4

codes/swift/Package.swift

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ let package = Package(
         .executable(name: "binary_search_tree", targets: ["binary_search_tree"]),
         .executable(name: "avl_tree", targets: ["avl_tree"]),
         // chapter_heap
+        .executable(name: "heap", targets: ["heap"]),
         .executable(name: "my_heap", targets: ["my_heap"]),
         .executable(name: "top_k", targets: ["top_k"]),
         // chapter_graph
@@ -143,6 +144,7 @@ let package = Package(
         .executableTarget(name: "binary_search_tree", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_tree", sources: ["binary_search_tree.swift"]),
         .executableTarget(name: "avl_tree", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_tree", sources: ["avl_tree.swift"]),
         // chapter_heap
+        .executableTarget(name: "heap", dependencies: ["utils", .product(name: "HeapModule", package: "swift-collections")], path: "chapter_heap", sources: ["heap.swift"]),
         .executableTarget(name: "my_heap", dependencies: ["utils"], path: "chapter_heap", sources: ["my_heap.swift"]),
         .executableTarget(name: "top_k", dependencies: ["utils", .product(name: "HeapModule", package: "swift-collections")], path: "chapter_heap", sources: ["top_k.swift"]),
         // chapter_graph

codes/swift/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.swift

@@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ func traverse(nums: [Int]) {
     for num in nums {
         count += num
     }
+    // 同时遍历数据索引和元素
+    for (i, num) in nums.enumerated() {
+        count += nums[i]
+        count += num
+    }
 }
 
 /* 在数组中查找指定元素 */

codes/swift/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.swift

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ func remove(n0: ListNode) {
     let P = n0.next
     let n1 = P?.next
     n0.next = n1
-    P?.next = nil
 }
 
 /* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */

codes/swift/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.swift

@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@
 /* 列表类 */
 class MyList {
     private var arr: [Int] // 数组（存储列表元素）
-    private var _capacity = 10 // 列表容量
+    private var _capacity: Int // 列表容量
-    private var _size = 0 // 列表长度（当前元素数量）
+    private var _size: Int // 列表长度（当前元素数量）
-    private let extendRatio = 2 // 每次列表扩容的倍数
+    private let extendRatio: Int // 每次列表扩容的倍数
 
     /* 构造方法 */
     init() {
+        _capacity = 10
+        _size = 0
+        extendRatio = 2
         arr = Array(repeating: 0, count: _capacity)
     }
 
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ class MyList {
     /* 访问元素 */
     func get(index: Int) -> Int {
         // 索引如果越界则抛出错误，下同
-        if index < 0 || index >= _size {
+        if index < 0 || index >= size() {
             fatalError("索引越界")
         }
         return arr[index]
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ class MyList {
 
     /* 更新元素 */
     func set(index: Int, num: Int) {
-        if index < 0 || index >= _size {
+        if index < 0 || index >= size() {
             fatalError("索引越界")
         }
         arr[index] = num
@@ -46,25 +49,25 @@ class MyList {
     /* 在尾部添加元素 */
     func add(num: Int) {
         // 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
-        if _size == _capacity {
+        if size() == capacity() {
             extendCapacity()
         }
-        arr[_size] = num
+        arr[size()] = num
         // 更新元素数量
         _size += 1
     }
 
     /* 在中间插入元素 */
     func insert(index: Int, num: Int) {
-        if index < 0 || index >= _size {
+        if index < 0 || index >= size() {
             fatalError("索引越界")
         }
         // 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
-        if _size == _capacity {
+        if size() == capacity() {
             extendCapacity()
         }
         // 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
-        for j in sequence(first: _size - 1, next: { $0 >= index + 1 ? $0 - 1 : nil }) {
+        for j in (index ..< size()).reversed() {
             arr[j + 1] = arr[j]
         }
         arr[index] = num
@@ -75,12 +78,12 @@ class MyList {
     /* 删除元素 */
     @discardableResult
     func remove(index: Int) -> Int {
-        if index < 0 || index >= _size {
+        if index < 0 || index >= size() {
             fatalError("索引越界")
         }
         let num = arr[index]
         // 将将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
-        for j in index ..< (_size - 1) {
+        for j in index ..< (size() - 1) {
             arr[j] = arr[j + 1]
         }
         // 更新元素数量
@@ -92,18 +95,14 @@ class MyList {
     /* 列表扩容 */
     func extendCapacity() {
         // 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组，并将原数组复制到新数组
-        arr = arr + Array(repeating: 0, count: _capacity * (extendRatio - 1))
+        arr = arr + Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity() * (extendRatio - 1))
         // 更新列表容量
         _capacity = arr.count
     }
 
     /* 将列表转换为数组 */
     func toArray() -> [Int] {
-        var arr = Array(repeating: 0, count: _size)
+        Array(arr.prefix(size()))
-        for i in 0 ..< _size {
-            arr[i] = get(index: i)
-        }
-        return arr
     }
 }
 

codes/swift/chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_i.swift

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ func backtrack(state: inout [Int], target: Int, choices: [Int], start: Int, res:
     }
     // 遍历所有选择
     // 剪枝二：从 start 开始遍历，避免生成重复子集
-    for i in stride(from: start, to: choices.count, by: 1) {
+    for i in choices.indices.dropFirst(start) {
         // 剪枝一：若子集和超过 target ，则直接结束循环
         // 这是因为数组已排序，后边元素更大，子集和一定超过 target
         if target - choices[i] < 0 {

codes/swift/chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_i_naive.swift

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func backtrack(state: inout [Int], target: Int, total: Int, choices: [Int], res:
         return
     }
     // 遍历所有选择
-    for i in stride(from: 0, to: choices.count, by: 1) {
+    for i in choices.indices {
         // 剪枝：若子集和超过 target ，则跳过该选择
         if total + choices[i] > target {
             continue

codes/swift/chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_ii.swift

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ func backtrack(state: inout [Int], target: Int, choices: [Int], start: Int, res:
     // 遍历所有选择
     // 剪枝二：从 start 开始遍历，避免生成重复子集
     // 剪枝三：从 start 开始遍历，避免重复选择同一元素
-    for i in stride(from: start, to: choices.count, by: 1) {
+    for i in choices.indices.dropFirst(start) {
         // 剪枝一：若子集和超过 target ，则直接结束循环
         // 这是因为数组已排序，后边元素更大，子集和一定超过 target
         if target - choices[i] < 0 {

codes/swift/chapter_computational_complexity/recursion.swift

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func forLoopRecur(n: Int) -> Int {
     var stack: [Int] = []
     var res = 0
     // 递：递归调用
-    for i in stride(from: n, to: 0, by: -1) {
+    for i in (1 ... n).reversed() {
         // 通过“入栈操作”模拟“递”
         stack.append(i)
     }

codes/swift/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.swift

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func quadratic(n: Int) -> Int {
 func bubbleSort(nums: inout [Int]) -> Int {
     var count = 0 // 计数器
     // 外循环：未排序区间为 [0, i]
-    for i in stride(from: nums.count - 1, to: 0, by: -1) {
+    for i in nums.indices.dropFirst().reversed() {
         // 内循环：将未排序区间 [0, i] 中的最大元素交换至该区间的最右端
         for j in 0 ..< i {
             if nums[j] > nums[j + 1] {

codes/swift/chapter_divide_and_conquer/binary_search_recur.swift

@@ -26,9 +26,8 @@ func dfs(nums: [Int], target: Int, i: Int, j: Int) -> Int {
 
 /* 二分查找 */
 func binarySearch(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
-    let n = nums.count
     // 求解问题 f(0, n-1)
-    return dfs(nums: nums, target: target, i: 0, j: n - 1)
+    dfs(nums: nums, target: target, i: nums.startIndex, j: nums.endIndex - 1)
 }
 
 @main

codes/swift/chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_tree.swift

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func dfs(preorder: [Int], inorderMap: [Int: Int], i: Int, l: Int, r: Int) -> Tre
 func buildTree(preorder: [Int], inorder: [Int]) -> TreeNode? {
     // 初始化哈希表，存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
     let inorderMap = inorder.enumerated().reduce(into: [:]) { $0[$1.element] = $1.offset }
-    return dfs(preorder: preorder, inorderMap: inorderMap, i: 0, l: 0, r: inorder.count - 1)
+    return dfs(preorder: preorder, inorderMap: inorderMap, i: inorder.startIndex, l: inorder.startIndex, r: inorder.endIndex - 1)
 }
 
 @main

codes/swift/chapter_dynamic_programming/climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.swift

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ func climbingStairsConstraintDP(n: Int) -> Int {
     dp[2][1] = 0
     dp[2][2] = 1
     // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
-    for i in stride(from: 3, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 3 ... n {
         dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2]
         dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2]
     }

codes/swift/chapter_dynamic_programming/climbing_stairs_dp.swift

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ func climbingStairsDP(n: Int) -> Int {
     dp[1] = 1
     dp[2] = 2
     // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
-    for i in stride(from: 3, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 3 ... n {
         dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + dp[i - 2]
     }
     return dp[n]
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func climbingStairsDPComp(n: Int) -> Int {
     }
     var a = 1
     var b = 2
-    for _ in stride(from: 3, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for _ in 3 ... n {
         (a, b) = (b, a + b)
     }
     return b

codes/swift/chapter_dynamic_programming/coin_change.swift

@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ func coinChangeDP(coins: [Int], amt: Int) -> Int {
     // 初始化 dp 表
     var dp = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: 0, count: amt + 1), count: n + 1)
     // 状态转移：首行首列
-    for a in stride(from: 1, through: amt, by: 1) {
+    for a in 1 ... amt {
         dp[0][a] = MAX
     }
     // 状态转移：其余行和列
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
-        for a in stride(from: 1, through: amt, by: 1) {
+        for a in 1 ... amt {
             if coins[i - 1] > a {
                 // 若超过目标金额，则不选硬币 i
                 dp[i][a] = dp[i - 1][a]
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ func coinChangeDPComp(coins: [Int], amt: Int) -> Int {
     var dp = Array(repeating: MAX, count: amt + 1)
     dp[0] = 0
     // 状态转移
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
-        for a in stride(from: 1, through: amt, by: 1) {
+        for a in 1 ... amt {
             if coins[i - 1] > a {
                 // 若超过目标金额，则不选硬币 i
                 dp[a] = dp[a]

codes/swift/chapter_dynamic_programming/coin_change_ii.swift

@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ func coinChangeIIDP(coins: [Int], amt: Int) -> Int {
     // 初始化 dp 表
     var dp = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: 0, count: amt + 1), count: n + 1)
     // 初始化首列
-    for i in stride(from: 0, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 0 ... n {
         dp[i][0] = 1
     }
     // 状态转移
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
-        for a in stride(from: 1, through: amt, by: 1) {
+        for a in 1 ... amt {
             if coins[i - 1] > a {
                 // 若超过目标金额，则不选硬币 i
                 dp[i][a] = dp[i - 1][a]
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ func coinChangeIIDPComp(coins: [Int], amt: Int) -> Int {
     var dp = Array(repeating: 0, count: amt + 1)
     dp[0] = 1
     // 状态转移
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
-        for a in stride(from: 1, through: amt, by: 1) {
+        for a in 1 ... amt {
             if coins[i - 1] > a {
                 // 若超过目标金额，则不选硬币 i
                 dp[a] = dp[a]

codes/swift/chapter_dynamic_programming/edit_distance.swift

@@ -67,15 +67,15 @@ func editDistanceDP(s: String, t: String) -> Int {
     let m = t.utf8CString.count
     var dp = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: 0, count: m + 1), count: n + 1)
     // 状态转移：首行首列
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
         dp[i][0] = i
     }
-    for j in stride(from: 1, through: m, by: 1) {
+    for j in 1 ... m {
         dp[0][j] = j
     }
     // 状态转移：其余行和列
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
-        for j in stride(from: 1, through: m, by: 1) {
+        for j in 1 ... m {
             if s.utf8CString[i - 1] == t.utf8CString[j - 1] {
                 // 若两字符相等，则直接跳过此两字符
                 dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j - 1]
@@ -94,16 +94,16 @@ func editDistanceDPComp(s: String, t: String) -> Int {
     let m = t.utf8CString.count
     var dp = Array(repeating: 0, count: m + 1)
     // 状态转移：首行
-    for j in stride(from: 1, through: m, by: 1) {
+    for j in 1 ... m {
         dp[j] = j
     }
     // 状态转移：其余行
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
         // 状态转移：首列
         var leftup = dp[0] // 暂存 dp[i-1, j-1]
         dp[0] = i
         // 状态转移：其余列
-        for j in stride(from: 1, through: m, by: 1) {
+        for j in 1 ... m {
             let temp = dp[j]
             if s.utf8CString[i - 1] == t.utf8CString[j - 1] {
                 // 若两字符相等，则直接跳过此两字符

codes/swift/chapter_dynamic_programming/knapsack.swift

@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ func knapsackDP(wgt: [Int], val: [Int], cap: Int) -> Int {
     // 初始化 dp 表
     var dp = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: 0, count: cap + 1), count: n + 1)
     // 状态转移
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
-        for c in stride(from: 1, through: cap, by: 1) {
+        for c in 1 ... cap {
             if wgt[i - 1] > c {
                 // 若超过背包容量，则不选物品 i
                 dp[i][c] = dp[i - 1][c]
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ func knapsackDPComp(wgt: [Int], val: [Int], cap: Int) -> Int {
     // 初始化 dp 表
     var dp = Array(repeating: 0, count: cap + 1)
     // 状态转移
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
         // 倒序遍历
-        for c in stride(from: cap, through: 1, by: -1) {
+        for c in (1 ... cap).reversed() {
             if wgt[i - 1] <= c {
                 // 不选和选物品 i 这两种方案的较大值
                 dp[c] = max(dp[c], dp[c - wgt[i - 1]] + val[i - 1])

codes/swift/chapter_dynamic_programming/min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.swift

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ func minCostClimbingStairsDP(cost: [Int]) -> Int {
     dp[1] = cost[1]
     dp[2] = cost[2]
     // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
-    for i in stride(from: 3, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 3 ... n {
         dp[i] = min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i]
     }
     return dp[n]
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(cost: [Int]) -> Int {
         return cost[n]
     }
     var (a, b) = (cost[1], cost[2])
-    for i in stride(from: 3, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 3 ... n {
         (a, b) = (b, min(a, b) + cost[i])
     }
     return b

codes/swift/chapter_dynamic_programming/min_path_sum.swift

@@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ func minPathSumDP(grid: [[Int]]) -> Int {
     var dp = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: 0, count: m), count: n)
     dp[0][0] = grid[0][0]
     // 状态转移：首行
-    for j in stride(from: 1, to: m, by: 1) {
+    for j in 1 ..< m {
         dp[0][j] = dp[0][j - 1] + grid[0][j]
     }
     // 状态转移：首列
-    for i in stride(from: 1, to: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ..< n {
         dp[i][0] = dp[i - 1][0] + grid[i][0]
     }
     // 状态转移：其余行和列
-    for i in stride(from: 1, to: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ..< n {
-        for j in stride(from: 1, to: m, by: 1) {
+        for j in 1 ..< m {
             dp[i][j] = min(dp[i][j - 1], dp[i - 1][j]) + grid[i][j]
         }
     }
@@ -75,15 +75,15 @@ func minPathSumDPComp(grid: [[Int]]) -> Int {
     var dp = Array(repeating: 0, count: m)
     // 状态转移：首行
     dp[0] = grid[0][0]
-    for j in stride(from: 1, to: m, by: 1) {
+    for j in 1 ..< m {
         dp[j] = dp[j - 1] + grid[0][j]
     }
     // 状态转移：其余行
-    for i in stride(from: 1, to: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ..< n {
         // 状态转移：首列
         dp[0] = dp[0] + grid[i][0]
         // 状态转移：其余列
-        for j in stride(from: 1, to: m, by: 1) {
+        for j in 1 ..< m {
             dp[j] = min(dp[j - 1], dp[j]) + grid[i][j]
         }
     }

codes/swift/chapter_dynamic_programming/unbounded_knapsack.swift

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ func unboundedKnapsackDP(wgt: [Int], val: [Int], cap: Int) -> Int {
     // 初始化 dp 表
     var dp = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: 0, count: cap + 1), count: n + 1)
     // 状态转移
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
-        for c in stride(from: 1, through: cap, by: 1) {
+        for c in 1 ... cap {
             if wgt[i - 1] > c {
                 // 若超过背包容量，则不选物品 i
                 dp[i][c] = dp[i - 1][c]
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ func unboundedKnapsackDPComp(wgt: [Int], val: [Int], cap: Int) -> Int {
     // 初始化 dp 表
     var dp = Array(repeating: 0, count: cap + 1)
     // 状态转移
-    for i in stride(from: 1, through: n, by: 1) {
+    for i in 1 ... n {
-        for c in stride(from: 1, through: cap, by: 1) {
+        for c in 1 ... cap {
             if wgt[i - 1] > c {
                 // 若超过背包容量，则不选物品 i
                 dp[c] = dp[c]

codes/swift/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.swift

@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ public class GraphAdjList {
             fatalError("参数错误")
         }
         // 删除边 vet1 - vet2
-        adjList[vet1]?.removeAll(where: { $0 == vet2 })
+        adjList[vet1]?.removeAll { $0 == vet2 }
-        adjList[vet2]?.removeAll(where: { $0 == vet1 })
+        adjList[vet2]?.removeAll { $0 == vet1 }
     }
 
     /* 添加顶点 */
@@ -65,19 +65,16 @@ public class GraphAdjList {
         adjList.removeValue(forKey: vet)
         // 遍历其他顶点的链表，删除所有包含 vet 的边
         for key in adjList.keys {
-            adjList[key]?.removeAll(where: { $0 == vet })
+            adjList[key]?.removeAll { $0 == vet }
         }
     }
 
     /* 打印邻接表 */
     public func print() {
         Swift.print("邻接表 =")
-        for pair in adjList {
+        for (vertex, list) in adjList {
-            var tmp: [Int] = []
+            let list = list.map { $0.val }
-            for vertex in pair.value {
+            Swift.print("\(vertex.val): \(list),")
-                tmp.append(vertex.val)
-            }
-            Swift.print("\(pair.key.val): \(tmp),")
         }
     }
 }

codes/swift/chapter_greedy/fractional_knapsack.swift

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ func fractionalKnapsack(wgt: [Int], val: [Int], cap: Int) -> Double {
     // 创建物品列表，包含两个属性：重量、价值
     var items = zip(wgt, val).map { Item(w: $0, v: $1) }
     // 按照单位价值 item.v / item.w 从高到低进行排序
-    items.sort(by: { -(Double($0.v) / Double($0.w)) < -(Double($1.v) / Double($1.w)) })
+    items.sort { -(Double($0.v) / Double($0.w)) < -(Double($1.v) / Double($1.w)) }
     // 循环贪心选择
     var res = 0.0
     var cap = cap

codes/swift/chapter_greedy/max_capacity.swift

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 /* 最大容量：贪心 */
 func maxCapacity(ht: [Int]) -> Int {
     // 初始化 i, j，使其分列数组两端
-    var i = 0, j = ht.count - 1
+    var i = ht.startIndex, j = ht.endIndex - 1
     // 初始最大容量为 0
     var res = 0
     // 循环贪心选择，直至两板相遇

codes/swift/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.swift

@@ -8,13 +8,11 @@ import utils
 
 /* 基于数组实现的哈希表 */
 class ArrayHashMap {
-    private var buckets: [Pair?] = []
+    private var buckets: [Pair?]
 
     init() {
         // 初始化数组，包含 100 个桶
-        for _ in 0 ..< 100 {
+        buckets = Array(repeating: nil, count: 100)
-            buckets.append(nil)
-        }
     }
 
     /* 哈希函数 */
@@ -46,35 +44,17 @@ class ArrayHashMap {
 
     /* 获取所有键值对 */
     func pairSet() -> [Pair] {
-        var pairSet: [Pair] = []
+        buckets.compactMap { $0 }
-        for pair in buckets {
-            if let pair = pair {
-                pairSet.append(pair)
-            }
-        }
-        return pairSet
     }
 
     /* 获取所有键 */
     func keySet() -> [Int] {
-        var keySet: [Int] = []
+        buckets.compactMap { $0?.key }
-        for pair in buckets {
-            if let pair = pair {
-                keySet.append(pair.key)
-            }
-        }
-        return keySet
     }
 
     /* 获取所有值 */
     func valueSet() -> [String] {
-        var valueSet: [String] = []
+        buckets.compactMap { $0?.val }
-        for pair in buckets {
-            if let pair = pair {
-                valueSet.append(pair.val)
-            }
-        }
-        return valueSet
     }
 
     /* 打印哈希表 */

codes/swift/chapter_hashing/hash_map_chaining.swift

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class HashMapChaining {
 
     /* 负载因子 */
     func loadFactor() -> Double {
-        Double(size / capacity)
+        Double(size) / Double(capacity)
     }
 
     /* 查询操作 */
@@ -76,9 +76,10 @@ class HashMapChaining {
         for (pairIndex, pair) in bucket.enumerated() {
             if pair.key == key {
                 buckets[index].remove(at: pairIndex)
+                size -= 1
+                break
             }
         }
-        size -= 1
     }
 
     /* 扩容哈希表 */

codes/swift/chapter_hashing/hash_map_open_addressing.swift

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class HashMapOpenAddressing {
 
     /* 负载因子 */
     func loadFactor() -> Double {
-        Double(size / capacity)
+        Double(size) / Double(capacity)
     }
 
     /* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */

codes/swift/chapter_heap/heap.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/**
+ * File: heap.swift
+ * Created Time: 2024-03-17
+ * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
+ */
+
+import HeapModule
+import utils
+
+func testPush(heap: inout Heap<Int>, val: Int) {
+    heap.insert(val)
+    print("\n元素 \(val) 入堆后\n")
+    PrintUtil.printHeap(queue: heap.unordered)
+}
+
+func testPop(heap: inout Heap<Int>) {
+    let val = heap.removeMax()
+    print("\n堆顶元素 \(val) 出堆后\n")
+    PrintUtil.printHeap(queue: heap.unordered)
+}
+
+@main
+enum _Heap {
+    /* Driver Code */
+    static func main() {
+        /* 初始化堆 */
+        // Swift 的 Heap 类型同时支持最大堆和最小堆
+        var heap = Heap<Int>()
+
+        /* 元素入堆 */
+        testPush(heap: &heap, val: 1)
+        testPush(heap: &heap, val: 3)
+        testPush(heap: &heap, val: 2)
+        testPush(heap: &heap, val: 5)
+        testPush(heap: &heap, val: 4)
+
+        /* 获取堆顶元素 */
+        let peek = heap.max()
+        print("\n堆顶元素为 \(peek!)\n")
+
+        /* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+        testPop(heap: &heap)
+        testPop(heap: &heap)
+        testPop(heap: &heap)
+        testPop(heap: &heap)
+        testPop(heap: &heap)
+
+        /* 获取堆大小 */
+        let size = heap.count
+        print("\n堆元素数量为 \(size)\n")
+
+        /* 判断堆是否为空 */
+        let isEmpty = heap.isEmpty
+        print("\n堆是否为空 \(isEmpty)\n")
+
+        /* 输入列表并建堆 */
+        // 时间复杂度为 O(n) ，而非 O(nlogn)
+        let heap2 = Heap([1, 3, 2, 5, 4])
+        print("\n输入列表并建立堆后")
+        PrintUtil.printHeap(queue: heap2.unordered)
+    }
+}

codes/swift/chapter_heap/my_heap.swift

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class MaxHeap {
         // 将列表元素原封不动添加进堆
         maxHeap = nums
         // 堆化除叶节点以外的其他所有节点
-        for i in stride(from: parent(i: size() - 1), through: 0, by: -1) {
+        for i in (0 ... parent(i: size() - 1)).reversed() {
             siftDown(i: i)
         }
     }

codes/swift/chapter_heap/top_k.swift

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func topKHeap(nums: [Int], k: Int) -> [Int] {
     // 初始化一个小顶堆，并将前 k 个元素建堆
     var heap = Heap(nums.prefix(k))
     // 从第 k+1 个元素开始，保持堆的长度为 k
-    for i in stride(from: k, to: nums.count, by: 1) {
+    for i in nums.indices.dropFirst(k) {
         // 若当前元素大于堆顶元素，则将堆顶元素出堆、当前元素入堆
         if nums[i] > heap.min()! {
             _ = heap.removeMin()

codes/swift/chapter_searching/binary_search.swift

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 /* 二分查找（双闭区间） */
 func binarySearch(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
     // 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ，即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素
-    var i = 0
+    var i = nums.startIndex
-    var j = nums.count - 1
+    var j = nums.endIndex - 1
     // 循环，当搜索区间为空时跳出（当 i > j 时为空）
     while i <= j {
         let m = i + (j - i) / 2 // 计算中点索引 m
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ func binarySearch(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
 /* 二分查找（左闭右开区间） */
 func binarySearchLCRO(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
     // 初始化左闭右开区间 [0, n) ，即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1
-    var i = 0
+    var i = nums.startIndex
-    var j = nums.count
+    var j = nums.endIndex
     // 循环，当搜索区间为空时跳出（当 i = j 时为空）
     while i < j {
         let m = i + (j - i) / 2 // 计算中点索引 m

codes/swift/chapter_searching/binary_search_edge.swift

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ func binarySearchLeftEdge(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
     // 等价于查找 target 的插入点
     let i = binarySearchInsertion(nums: nums, target: target)
     // 未找到 target ，返回 -1
-    if i == nums.count || nums[i] != target {
+    if i == nums.endIndex || nums[i] != target {
         return -1
     }
     // 找到 target ，返回索引 i

codes/swift/chapter_searching/binary_search_insertion.swift

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 
 /* 二分查找插入点（无重复元素） */
 func binarySearchInsertionSimple(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
-    var i = 0, j = nums.count - 1 // 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1]
+    // 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1]
+    var i = nums.startIndex
+    var j = nums.endIndex - 1
     while i <= j {
         let m = i + (j - i) / 2 // 计算中点索引 m
         if nums[m] < target {
@@ -23,7 +25,9 @@ func binarySearchInsertionSimple(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
 
 /* 二分查找插入点（存在重复元素） */
 public func binarySearchInsertion(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
-    var i = 0, j = nums.count - 1 // 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1]
+    // 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1]
+    var i = nums.startIndex
+    var j = nums.endIndex - 1
     while i <= j {
         let m = i + (j - i) / 2 // 计算中点索引 m
         if nums[m] < target {

codes/swift/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.swift

@@ -7,14 +7,12 @@
 /* 冒泡排序 */
 func bubbleSort(nums: inout [Int]) {
     // 外循环：未排序区间为 [0, i]
-    for i in stride(from: nums.count - 1, to: 0, by: -1) {
+    for i in nums.indices.dropFirst().reversed() {
         // 内循环：将未排序区间 [0, i] 中的最大元素交换至该区间的最右端
-        for j in stride(from: 0, to: i, by: 1) {
+        for j in 0 ..< i {
             if nums[j] > nums[j + 1] {
                 // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
-                let tmp = nums[j]
+                nums.swapAt(j, j + 1)
-                nums[j] = nums[j + 1]
-                nums[j + 1] = tmp
             }
         }
     }
@@ -23,14 +21,12 @@ func bubbleSort(nums: inout [Int]) {
 /* 冒泡排序（标志优化）*/
 func bubbleSortWithFlag(nums: inout [Int]) {
     // 外循环：未排序区间为 [0, i]
-    for i in stride(from: nums.count - 1, to: 0, by: -1) {
+    for i in nums.indices.dropFirst().reversed() {
         var flag = false // 初始化标志位
-        for j in stride(from: 0, to: i, by: 1) {
+        for j in 0 ..< i {
             if nums[j] > nums[j + 1] {
                 // 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
-                let tmp = nums[j]
+                nums.swapAt(j, j + 1)
-                nums[j] = nums[j + 1]
-                nums[j + 1] = tmp
                 flag = true // 记录交换元素
             }
         }

codes/swift/chapter_sorting/bucket_sort.swift

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func bucketSort(nums: inout [Double]) {
     for bucket in buckets {
         for num in bucket {
             nums[i] = num
-            nums.formIndex(after: &i)
+            i += 1
         }
     }
 }

codes/swift/chapter_sorting/counting_sort.swift

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ func countingSortNaive(nums: inout [Int]) {
     }
     // 3. 遍历 counter ，将各元素填入原数组 nums
     var i = 0
-    for num in stride(from: 0, to: m + 1, by: 1) {
+    for num in 0 ..< m + 1 {
-        for _ in stride(from: 0, to: counter[num], by: 1) {
+        for _ in 0 ..< counter[num] {
             nums[i] = num
             i += 1
         }
@@ -38,19 +38,19 @@ func countingSort(nums: inout [Int]) {
     }
     // 3. 求 counter 的前缀和，将“出现次数”转换为“尾索引”
     // 即 counter[num]-1 是 num 在 res 中最后一次出现的索引
-    for i in stride(from: 0, to: m, by: 1) {
+    for i in 0 ..< m {
         counter[i + 1] += counter[i]
     }
     // 4. 倒序遍历 nums ，将各元素填入结果数组 res
     // 初始化数组 res 用于记录结果
     var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: nums.count)
-    for i in stride(from: nums.count - 1, through: 0, by: -1) {
+    for i in nums.indices.reversed() {
         let num = nums[i]
         res[counter[num] - 1] = num // 将 num 放置到对应索引处
         counter[num] -= 1 // 令前缀和自减 1 ，得到下次放置 num 的索引
     }
     // 使用结果数组 res 覆盖原数组 nums
-    for i in stride(from: 0, to: nums.count, by: 1) {
+    for i in nums.indices {
         nums[i] = res[i]
     }
 }

codes/swift/chapter_sorting/heap_sort.swift

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func heapSort(nums: inout [Int]) {
         siftDown(nums: &nums, n: nums.count, i: i)
     }
     // 从堆中提取最大元素，循环 n-1 轮
-    for i in stride(from: nums.count - 1, to: 0, by: -1) {
+    for i in nums.indices.dropFirst().reversed() {
         // 交换根节点与最右叶节点（交换首元素与尾元素）
         nums.swapAt(0, i)
         // 以根节点为起点，从顶至底进行堆化

codes/swift/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.swift

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 /* 插入排序 */
 func insertionSort(nums: inout [Int]) {
     // 外循环：已排序区间为 [0, i-1]
-    for i in stride(from: 1, to: nums.count, by: 1) {
+    for i in nums.indices.dropFirst() {
         let base = nums[i]
         var j = i - 1
         // 内循环：将 base 插入到已排序区间 [0, i-1] 中的正确位置

codes/swift/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.swift

@@ -16,12 +16,11 @@ func merge(nums: inout [Int], left: Int, mid: Int, right: Int) {
         if nums[i] <= nums[j] {
             tmp[k] = nums[i]
             i += 1
-            k += 1
         } else {
             tmp[k] = nums[j]
             j += 1
-            k += 1
         }
+        k += 1
     }
     // 将左子数组和右子数组的剩余元素复制到临时数组中
     while i <= mid {
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ enum MergeSort {
     static func main() {
         /* 归并排序 */
         var nums = [7, 3, 2, 6, 0, 1, 5, 4]
-        mergeSort(nums: &nums, left: 0, right: nums.count - 1)
+        mergeSort(nums: &nums, left: nums.startIndex, right: nums.endIndex - 1)
         print("归并排序完成后 nums = \(nums)")
     }
 }

codes/swift/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.swift

@@ -4,13 +4,6 @@
  * Author: nuomi1 (nuomi1@qq.com)
  */
 
-/* 元素交换 */
-func swap(nums: inout [Int], i: Int, j: Int) {
-    let tmp = nums[i]
-    nums[i] = nums[j]
-    nums[j] = tmp
-}
-
 /* 快速排序类 */
 /* 哨兵划分 */
 func partition(nums: inout [Int], left: Int, right: Int) -> Int {
@@ -24,9 +17,9 @@ func partition(nums: inout [Int], left: Int, right: Int) -> Int {
         while i < j, nums[i] <= nums[left] {
             i += 1 // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
         }
-        swap(nums: &nums, i: i, j: j) // 交换这两个元素
+        nums.swapAt(i, j) // 交换这两个元素
     }
-    swap(nums: &nums, i: i, j: left) // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
+    nums.swapAt(i, left) // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
     return i // 返回基准数的索引
 }
 
@@ -43,7 +36,6 @@ func quickSort(nums: inout [Int], left: Int, right: Int) {
     quickSort(nums: &nums, left: pivot + 1, right: right)
 }
 
-
 /* 快速排序类（中位基准数优化） */
 /* 选取三个候选元素的中位数 */
 func medianThree(nums: [Int], left: Int, mid: Int, right: Int) -> Int {
@@ -51,12 +43,12 @@ func medianThree(nums: [Int], left: Int, mid: Int, right: Int) -> Int {
     let m = nums[mid]
     let r = nums[right]
     if (l <= m && m <= r) || (r <= m && m <= l) {
-        return mid; // m 在 l 和 r 之间
+        return mid // m 在 l 和 r 之间
     }
     if (m <= l && l <= r) || (r <= l && l <= m) {
-        return left; // l 在 m 和 r 之间
+        return left // l 在 m 和 r 之间
     }
-    return right;
+    return right
 }
 
 /* 哨兵划分（三数取中值） */
@@ -64,7 +56,7 @@ func partitionMedian(nums: inout [Int], left: Int, right: Int) -> Int {
     // 选取三个候选元素的中位数
     let med = medianThree(nums: nums, left: left, mid: (left + right) / 2, right: right)
     // 将中位数交换至数组最左端
-    swap(nums: &nums, i: left, j: med)
+    nums.swapAt(left, med)
     return partition(nums: &nums, left: left, right: right)
 }
 
@@ -81,7 +73,6 @@ func quickSortMedian(nums: inout [Int], left: Int, right: Int) {
     quickSortMedian(nums: &nums, left: pivot + 1, right: right)
 }
 
-
 /* 快速排序（尾递归优化） */
 func quickSortTailCall(nums: inout [Int], left: Int, right: Int) {
     var left = left
@@ -107,17 +98,17 @@ enum QuickSort {
     static func main() {
         /* 快速排序 */
         var nums = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5]
-        quickSort(nums: &nums, left: 0, right: nums.count - 1)
+        quickSort(nums: &nums, left: nums.startIndex, right: nums.endIndex - 1)
         print("快速排序完成后 nums = \(nums)")
 
         /* 快速排序（中位基准数优化） */
         var nums1 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5]
-        quickSortMedian(nums: &nums1, left: 0, right: nums1.count - 1)
+        quickSortMedian(nums: &nums1, left: nums1.startIndex, right: nums1.endIndex - 1)
         print("快速排序（中位基准数优化）完成后 nums1 = \(nums1)")
 
         /* 快速排序（尾递归优化） */
         var nums2 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5]
-        quickSortTailCall(nums: &nums2, left: 0, right: nums2.count - 1)
+        quickSortTailCall(nums: &nums2, left: nums2.startIndex, right: nums2.endIndex - 1)
         print("快速排序（尾递归优化）完成后 nums2 = \(nums2)")
     }
 }

codes/swift/chapter_sorting/radix_sort.swift

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ func digit(num: Int, exp: Int) -> Int {
 func countingSortDigit(nums: inout [Int], exp: Int) {
     // 十进制的位范围为 0~9 ，因此需要长度为 10 的桶数组
     var counter = Array(repeating: 0, count: 10)
-    let n = nums.count
     // 统计 0~9 各数字的出现次数
     for i in nums.indices {
         let d = digit(num: nums[i], exp: exp) // 获取 nums[i] 第 k 位，记为 d
@@ -25,8 +24,8 @@ func countingSortDigit(nums: inout [Int], exp: Int) {
         counter[i] += counter[i - 1]
     }
     // 倒序遍历，根据桶内统计结果，将各元素填入 res
-    var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: n)
+    var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: nums.count)
-    for i in stride(from: n - 1, through: 0, by: -1) {
+    for i in nums.indices.reversed() {
         let d = digit(num: nums[i], exp: exp)
         let j = counter[d] - 1 // 获取 d 在数组中的索引 j
         res[j] = nums[i] // 将当前元素填入索引 j
@@ -62,8 +61,18 @@ enum RadixSort {
     /* Driver Code */
     static func main() {
         // 基数排序
-        var nums = [10546151, 35663510, 42865989, 34862445, 81883077, 
+        var nums = [
-                           88906420, 72429244, 30524779, 82060337, 63832996]
+            10_546_151,
+            35_663_510,
+            42_865_989,
+            34_862_445,
+            81_883_077,
+            88_906_420,
+            72_429_244,
+            30_524_779,
+            82_060_337,
+            63_832_996,
+        ]
         radixSort(nums: &nums)
         print("基数排序完成后 nums = \(nums)")
     }

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.swift

@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
 class ArrayDeque {
     private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储双向队列元素的数组
     private var front: Int // 队首指针，指向队首元素
-    private var queSize: Int // 双向队列长度
+    private var _size: Int // 双向队列长度
 
     /* 构造方法 */
     init(capacity: Int) {
         nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
         front = 0
-        queSize = 0
+        _size = 0
     }
 
     /* 获取双向队列的容量 */
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class ArrayDeque {
 
     /* 获取双向队列的长度 */
     func size() -> Int {
-        queSize
+        _size
     }
 
     /* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class ArrayDeque {
         front = index(i: front - 1)
         // 将 num 添加至队首
         nums[front] = num
-        queSize += 1
+        _size += 1
     }
 
     /* 队尾入队 */
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class ArrayDeque {
         let rear = index(i: front + size())
         // 将 num 添加至队尾
         nums[rear] = num
-        queSize += 1
+        _size += 1
     }
 
     /* 队首出队 */
@@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ class ArrayDeque {
         let num = peekFirst()
         // 队首指针向后移动一位
         front = index(i: front + 1)
-        queSize -= 1
+        _size -= 1
         return num
     }
 
     /* 队尾出队 */
     func popLast() -> Int {
         let num = peekLast()
-        queSize -= 1
+        _size -= 1
         return num
     }
 
@@ -104,11 +104,7 @@ class ArrayDeque {
     /* 返回数组用于打印 */
     func toArray() -> [Int] {
         // 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
-        var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size())
+        (front ..< front + size()).map { nums[index(i: $0)] }
-        for (i, j) in sequence(first: (0, front), next: { $0 < self.size() - 1 ? ($0 + 1, $1 + 1) : nil }) {
-            res[i] = nums[index(i: j)]
-        }
-        return res
     }
 }
 

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.swift

@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@
 /* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
 class ArrayQueue {
     private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储队列元素的数组
-    private var front = 0 // 队首指针，指向队首元素
+    private var front: Int // 队首指针，指向队首元素
-    private var queSize = 0 // 队列长度
+    private var _size: Int // 队列长度
 
     init(capacity: Int) {
         // 初始化数组
         nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
+        front = 0
+        _size = 0
     }
 
     /* 获取队列的容量 */
@@ -22,12 +24,12 @@ class ArrayQueue {
 
     /* 获取队列的长度 */
     func size() -> Int {
-        queSize
+        _size
     }
 
     /* 判断队列是否为空 */
     func isEmpty() -> Bool {
-        queSize == 0
+        size() == 0
     }
 
     /* 入队 */
@@ -38,10 +40,10 @@ class ArrayQueue {
         }
         // 计算队尾指针，指向队尾索引 + 1
         // 通过取余操作实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
-        let rear = (front + queSize) % capacity()
+        let rear = (front + size()) % capacity()
         // 将 num 添加至队尾
         nums[rear] = num
-        queSize += 1
+        _size += 1
     }
 
     /* 出队 */
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ class ArrayQueue {
         let num = peek()
         // 队首指针向后移动一位，若越过尾部，则返回到数组头部
         front = (front + 1) % capacity()
-        queSize -= 1
+        _size -= 1
         return num
     }
 
@@ -65,11 +67,7 @@ class ArrayQueue {
     /* 返回数组 */
     func toArray() -> [Int] {
         // 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
-        var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: queSize)
+        (front ..< front + size()).map { nums[$0 % capacity()] }
-        for (i, j) in sequence(first: (0, front), next: { $0 < self.queSize - 1 ? ($0 + 1, $1 + 1) : nil }) {
-            res[i] = nums[j % capacity()]
-        }
-        return res
     }
 }
 

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.swift

@@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ class ListNode {
 class LinkedListDeque {
     private var front: ListNode? // 头节点 front
     private var rear: ListNode? // 尾节点 rear
-    private var queSize: Int // 双向队列的长度
+    private var _size: Int // 双向队列的长度
 
     init() {
-        queSize = 0
+        _size = 0
     }
 
     /* 获取双向队列的长度 */
     func size() -> Int {
-        queSize
+        _size
     }
 
     /* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class LinkedListDeque {
             node.prev = rear
             rear = node // 更新尾节点
         }
-        queSize += 1 // 更新队列长度
+        _size += 1 // 更新队列长度
     }
 
     /* 队首入队 */
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class LinkedListDeque {
             }
             rear = rPrev // 更新尾节点
         }
-        queSize -= 1 // 更新队列长度
+        _size -= 1 // 更新队列长度
         return val
     }
 
@@ -113,13 +113,19 @@ class LinkedListDeque {
     }
 
     /* 访问队首元素 */
-    func peekFirst() -> Int? {
+    func peekFirst() -> Int {
-        isEmpty() ? nil : front?.val
+        if isEmpty() {
+            fatalError("双向队列为空")
+        }
+        return front!.val
     }
 
     /* 访问队尾元素 */
-    func peekLast() -> Int? {
+    func peekLast() -> Int {
-        isEmpty() ? nil : rear?.val
+        if isEmpty() {
+            fatalError("双向队列为空")
+        }
+        return rear!.val
     }
 
     /* 返回数组用于打印 */
@@ -147,9 +153,9 @@ enum _LinkedListDeque {
 
         /* 访问元素 */
         let peekFirst = deque.peekFirst()
-        print("队首元素 peekFirst = \(peekFirst!)")
+        print("队首元素 peekFirst = \(peekFirst)")
         let peekLast = deque.peekLast()
-        print("队尾元素 peekLast = \(peekLast!)")
+        print("队尾元素 peekLast = \(peekLast)")
 
         /* 元素入队 */
         deque.pushLast(num: 4)

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.swift

@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@ import utils
 class LinkedListQueue {
     private var front: ListNode? // 头节点
     private var rear: ListNode? // 尾节点
-    private var _size = 0
+    private var _size: Int
 
-    init() {}
+    init() {
+        _size = 0
+    }
 
     /* 获取队列的长度 */
     func size() -> Int {

codes/swift/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.swift

@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ import utils
 /* 基于链表实现的栈 */
 class LinkedListStack {
     private var _peek: ListNode? // 将头节点作为栈顶
-    private var _size = 0 // 栈的长度
+    private var _size: Int // 栈的长度
 
-    init() {}
+    init() {
+        _size = 0
+    }
 
     /* 获取栈的长度 */
     func size() -> Int {
@@ -51,8 +53,8 @@ class LinkedListStack {
     /* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
     func toArray() -> [Int] {
         var node = _peek
-        var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: _size)
+        var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size())
-        for i in sequence(first: res.count - 1, next: { $0 >= 0 + 1 ? $0 - 1 : nil }) {
+        for i in res.indices.reversed() {
             res[i] = node!.val
             node = node?.next
         }

codes/swift/chapter_tree/array_binary_tree.swift

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class ArrayBinaryTree {
     func levelOrder() -> [Int] {
         var res: [Int] = []
         // 直接遍历数组
-        for i in stride(from: 0, to: size(), by: 1) {
+        for i in 0 ..< size() {
             if let val = val(i: i) {
                 res.append(val)
             }

codes/swift/chapter_tree/avl_tree.swift

@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@ import utils
 class AVLTree {
     fileprivate var root: TreeNode? // 根节点
 
+    init() {}
+
     /* 获取节点高度 */
     func height(node: TreeNode?) -> Int {
         // 空节点高度为 -1 ，叶节点高度为 0
-        node == nil ? -1 : node!.height
+        node?.height ?? -1
     }
 
     /* 更新节点高度 */
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ class AVLTree {
             node?.right = removeHelper(node: node?.right, val: val)
         } else {
             if node?.left == nil || node?.right == nil {
-                let child = node?.left != nil ? node?.left : node?.right
+                let child = node?.left ?? node?.right
                 // 子节点数量 = 0 ，直接删除 node 并返回
                 if child == nil {
                     return nil

codes/swift/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.swift

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
         // 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
         if cur?.left == nil || cur?.right == nil {
             // 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时， child = null / 该子节点
-            let child = cur?.left != nil ? cur?.left : cur?.right
+            let child = cur?.left ?? cur?.right
             // 删除节点 cur
             if cur !== root {
                 if pre?.left === cur {

codes/swift/utils/Vertex.swift

@@ -22,19 +22,11 @@ public class Vertex: Hashable {
 
     /* 输入值列表 vals ，返回顶点列表 vets */
     public static func valsToVets(vals: [Int]) -> [Vertex] {
-        var vets: [Vertex] = []
+        vals.map { Vertex(val: $0) }
-        for val in vals {
-            vets.append(Vertex(val: val))
-        }
-        return vets
     }
 
     /* 输入顶点列表 vets ，返回值列表 vals */
     public static func vetsToVals(vets: [Vertex]) -> [Int] {
-        var vals: [Int] = []
+        vets.map { $0.val }
-        for vet in vets {
-            vals.append(vet.val)
-        }
-        return vals
     }
 }

docs-en/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.md

@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ Let's understand this concept of "time growth trend" with an example. Assume the
 
     // Time complexity of algorithm C: constant order
     func algorithmC(n: Int) {
-        for _ in 0 ..< 1000000 {
+        for _ in 0 ..< 1_000_000 {
             print(0)
         }
     }

docs-en/chapter_data_structure/basic_data_types.md

@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ In other words, **basic data types provide the "content type" of data, while dat
 
     ```swift title=""
     // Using various basic data types to initialize arrays
-    let numbers = Array(repeating: Int(), count: 5)
+    let numbers = Array(repeating: 0, count: 5)
-    let decimals = Array(repeating: Double(), count: 5)
+    let decimals = Array(repeating: 0.0, count: 5)
-    let characters = Array(repeating: Character("a"), count: 5)
+    let characters: [Character] = Array(repeating: "a", count: 5)
-    let bools = Array(repeating: Bool(), count: 5)
+    let bools = Array(repeating: false, count: 5)
     ```
 
 === "JS"

docs/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.md

@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ $$
 
     // 算法 C 的时间复杂度：常数阶
     func algorithmC(n: Int) {
-        for _ in 0 ..< 1000000 {
+        for _ in 0 ..< 1_000_000 {
             print(0)
         }
     }

docs/chapter_data_structure/basic_data_types.md

@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@
 
     ```swift title=""
     // 使用多种基本数据类型来初始化数组
-    let numbers = Array(repeating: Int(), count: 5)
+    let numbers = Array(repeating: 0, count: 5)
-    let decimals = Array(repeating: Double(), count: 5)
+    let decimals = Array(repeating: 0.0, count: 5)
-    let characters = Array(repeating: Character("a"), count: 5)
+    let characters: [Character] = Array(repeating: "a", count: 5)
-    let bools = Array(repeating: Bool(), count: 5)
+    let bools = Array(repeating: false, count: 5)
     ```
 
 === "JS"

docs/chapter_heap/heap.md

@@ -270,7 +270,35 @@
 === "Swift"
 
     ```swift title="heap.swift"
-    // Swift 未提供内置 Heap 类
+    /* 初始化堆 */
+    // Swift 的 Heap 类型同时支持最大堆和最小堆，且需要引入 swift-collections
+    var heap = Heap<Int>()
+
+    /* 元素入堆 */
+    heap.insert(1)
+    heap.insert(3)
+    heap.insert(2)
+    heap.insert(5)
+    heap.insert(4)
+
+    /* 获取堆顶元素 */
+    var peek = heap.max()!
+
+    /* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+    peek = heap.removeMax() // 5
+    peek = heap.removeMax() // 4
+    peek = heap.removeMax() // 3
+    peek = heap.removeMax() // 2
+    peek = heap.removeMax() // 1
+
+    /* 获取堆大小 */
+    let size = heap.count
+
+    /* 判断堆是否为空 */
+    let isEmpty = heap.isEmpty
+
+    /* 输入列表并建堆 */
+    let heap2 = Heap([1, 3, 2, 5, 4])
     ```
 
 === "JS"